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Nutrition 203 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is REE and how does it differ from EER?

A

REE stands for resting energy expenditure which is the amount of energy you expend just existing doing everyday activities it is also known as RMR or resting metabolic rate.

EER stands for estimated energy requirements and that is the amount of calories a specific person needs to carry out all their daily functions

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2
Q

What is underweight in the BMI ranges?

A

<18.5

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3
Q

What is healthy weight in the BMI ranges?

A

18.5 - 24.9

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4
Q

What is overweight in the BMI ranges?

A

25 - 29.9

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5
Q

What is class I Obesity in the BMI ranges?

A

30 - 35

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6
Q

What is class II Obesity in the BMI ranges?

A

35 - 40

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7
Q

What is class III Obesity in the BMI ranges?

A

> 40

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8
Q

What are all the hunger signals?

A

Ghrelin and Neuropeptide Y

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9
Q

What are the satiety signals?

A

Leptin (secreted by adipose tissue) and peptide YY and GLP-1

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10
Q

What are some factors that influence energy expenditure?

A

age, growth, gender, physical activity, body composition and size

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11
Q

What is the indicator of central obesity for women?

A

Waist circumference greater than 35 inches

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12
Q

What is the indicator of central obesity for men?

A

Waist circumference greater than 40 inches

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13
Q

True or false: resistin is both a adipokine and a inflamokine

A

True!

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14
Q

what is the activator for lipoprotein lipase

A

APOC2

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15
Q

Which two lipoproteins use APOC2 to help with attaching to lipoprotein lipase

A

chylomicrons (carrying triglycerides) and VLDL

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16
Q

True or false: Leptin suppresses appetite

A

True! its a satiety hormone it tells the body when to stop eating

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17
Q

What are the qualifications needed to qualify for gastic bypass surgery?

A

BMI >40 (Class III Obese) or BMI >35 (Class II Obese) and has co-morbidties. Be 100 pounds over your ideal body weight

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18
Q

What is ascorbic acid?

A

vitamin C

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19
Q

What is thiamin?

A

vitamin B1

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20
Q

What is riboflavin

A

B2

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21
Q

What is niacin?

A

B3

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22
Q

What is panthothenic acid?

A

B5

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23
Q

What is pyridoxine?

A

B6

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24
Q

What is biotin?

A

B7

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25
Q

What is folate?

A

B9

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26
Q

What is cobalamin?

A

B12

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27
Q

What is the most biofunctional form of vitamin A?

A

Retinol (stored in the liver)

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28
Q

What are the other two forms of vitamin A that are converted to the most biofunctional form?

A

Retinal and retinoic acid

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29
Q

What are the functions of Vitamin A?

A

bone growth, gene regulation/expression (helps with cell diffrenention), vision, also bone metabolism as it stimulates osteoclasts (bone cells that demineralize or degrade the bone)

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30
Q

What are vitamin A deficiencies?

A

in early stages: night blindness due to less pigments and photons. this is reversible

short term vitamin A deficiency will result in dry or damaged cornea

long term vitamin A deficiency will result in xerophthamalia or permanent loss of vision

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31
Q

Where is vitamin A stored?

A

fat and liver tissue

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32
Q

What happens with Vitamin A toxicity?

A

liver damage (scarring) and birth defects

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33
Q

What is another name for Vitamin D?

A

cholecalciferol

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34
Q

True or false: vitamin D is classified as a vitamin, hormone, and steroid

A

True!

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35
Q

What are the functions of Vitamin D?

A

stimulates cells to produce calbindin which helps calcium absorption in the gut

tells kidneys to STOP PUTTING CALCIUM IN THE PEE

helps release calcium from the bone for common use

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36
Q

Why does the RDA for vitamin D go up as we age?

A

we decrease in our ability to convert vitamin D to its active form and we are less likely to go out and get more exposure from sunlight

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37
Q

How do we make our own Vitamin D?

A

UV rays hits the cholesterol in the skin and converts it into a precursor form of vitamin D which goes into the blood and then the liver where it becomes the intermediate form and then finally the kidney which makes it the active form of vitamin D and it goes on to do its calcium stuff

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38
Q

What happens in Vitamin D deficiency?

A

Children - rickets where the bone is softened and since its growing it grows deformed

Adults - osteomalacia where the bone is softened but presents in a different manifestation than rickets

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39
Q

What happens in Vitamin D toxicity?

A

nausea, vomiing, diarrhea

also could have calcification of soft tissues meaning that calcium goes into ur tissues and makes them hard

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40
Q

What is another term for Vitamin E?

A

tocopherols

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41
Q

What are the functions of Vitamin E?

A

Antioxidant: it neutralizes free radicals that damage the body by donating an electron to the free radicals so they don’t steal electrons from the body and initiate a chain reaction of stealing electrons

Immune function enhancer and is needed for nerve cell development

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42
Q

What happens in vitamin E deficiency?

A

Anemia - due to the red blood cells being really fragile and then they start rupturing

Not as common but also ATAXIA or loss of coordination

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43
Q

What happens in vitamin E toxicity?

A

inflammation of mucous membranes, reduced sexual funciton in men, and accelerated signs of aging

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44
Q

What is the function of Vitamin K?

A

blood clotting. It activates the proteins needed to make fibrin which forms the fibrous matrix of blood clots/clotting cascade

Also needed for the creation of bone protein - osteocalcin

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45
Q

Why does vitamin K have no RDA/toxicity?

A

We get enough from our E. Coli in intestine

46
Q

What happens in Vitamin K deficiency?

A

very rate in adults, newborns at high risk for it so they given a shot of vitamin K to populate their sterile GI tract

47
Q

What happens in vitamin C deficiency?

A

Scurvy where you have poor wound healing and bleeding gums and losing teeth and red spots on the face (this is due to vitamin C being needed in collagen production which helps anchor teeth to the jaw and makes up skin cells)

Additionally, anemia because Vitamin C helps the GI tract absorb iron

Scorbutic rosary in infants - the connective tissue doesn’t form as well due to low collagen status

48
Q

What are the functions of Vitamin C?

A

antioxidant: gives a e- to vitamin E and becomes radicalized

Creation of collagen which is a protein that forms the tissue of tendons, bone, teeth, and skin. Collagen is needed in wound healing and maintaining blood vessels

Helps the GI tract absorb iron

49
Q

What is the only vitamin where there is an increased need rather than a decreased need for SMOKERS?

A

Vitamin C

50
Q

What happens in Vitamin C toxicity?

A

diarrhea and bloating

51
Q

What is the common function of all B vitamins?

A

Coenzymes or cofactors in energy metabolism/electron carriers/high energy carriers

52
Q

What is the active form of thiamin

A

TPP in the PDH complex

53
Q

What does thiamin do?

A

helps with turning pyruvate into acetyl COA in the PDH complex and also helps in the Kreb’s cycle

54
Q

What happens in thiamin toxicity?

A

trick question, there IS NO TOXICITY

55
Q

What happens in thiamin deficiency?

A

Mostly happens in malnourished and alcoholics (cuz alcohol breaks down B1)

Beriberi: this is basically where the heart gets enlarged and you get edema (fluid under the skin) and your muscles weaken and atrophy

If it affects the heart system, its called WET beriberi

If it affects the nervous system/neuromuscular junctions, its called DRY beriberi
- this one also has ataxia

in alcoholics who have severe thiamin deficiency they have wernicke-korsakoff syndrom which is kinda like wet and dry combined

56
Q

What is the active form of Vitamin B2?

A

Two of them: FMN and FAD

57
Q

What does Vitamin B2 do?

A

electron suttle to protein complex II in the ETC

58
Q

What happens in B2 toxicity?

A

TRICK QUESTION THERE IS NO TOXICITY!!

59
Q

What happens in vitamin B2 deficinency?

A

No defined condition: inflammation of mucuous membranes, GI tract, vaginal area, tongue, skin rashes

60
Q

What is the active form of vitamin B3?

A

NAD and NADP

61
Q

What is the function of B3?

A

found in almost every metabolic pathway in the body

also used in the synthesis of fatty acids

62
Q

What does NADP do?

A

deamination and lipogenesis

63
Q

What happens in niacin toxicity?

A

most likely came from oversupplementing

Flushing - redness in face arms and chest

NO DEFINED CONDITION

64
Q

true or false: niacin is also created by the body from tryptophan

A

True!

65
Q

What happens in niacin deficiency?

A

Pellagra: symptoms are the 4 D’s

  • diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death
66
Q

What are the 4D’s of pellagra?

A

diarrhea, dermatitis, dementia, and death

67
Q

What is the function of pyridoxine?

A

transamination or creation of nonessential amino acids

produces SEROTONIN and hemoglobin and some glucose/lipids

68
Q

What happens in pyridoxine deficiencny?

A

anemia because it produces hemoglobin
and a bunch of other stuff

no defined condition

69
Q

What happens in pyridoxine toxicity?

A

unreversible, permanent nerve damage

70
Q

What is the more biofunctional form of B9?

A

folic acid

71
Q

What is the function of folate?

A

central dogma/cell division/DNA replication

72
Q

What happens in folate deficiency?

A

macrocytic anemia/large cell anemia because it helps with red blood cell creation (i.e. DNA replication)

CNS deformations during fetal develeopment/neural tube defects
- spina bifida
- anencephaly

73
Q

What is the function of cobalamin?

A

helps convert folate into its active form and keeps the myelin sheath maintained

74
Q

Where is cobalamin found?

A

only in animal origin foods and you denature the protein in that to get it

75
Q

What happens in cobalamin toxicity?

A

TRICK QUESTION THERE IS NO TOXICITY BITCH

76
Q

How do we absorb cobalamin?

A

must be released from the dietary protein before we can absorb it. Parietal cells secrete HCl and then it is protected by intrinisic factor from degradation from HCl and goes to distal illeum

77
Q

What do APOC2 and Intrinisic factor have in common?

A

both act as a ligand or little puzzle piece for the receptor/LPL to help their functions along (fats and B12)

78
Q

True or false: Vitamin B12 absorption decreases as we age

A

True!

79
Q

What happens in cobalamin deficiency?

A

macrocytic anemia and if theres no intrinsic factor than pernicious anemia

80
Q

what is the active form of pyridoxine?

A

PLP

81
Q

What is the recommended intake for macrominerals per day?

A

> or = 100 mg per day

82
Q

What are the macrominerals?

A

calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, sodium, chloride, magnesium

83
Q

What are the microminerals/trace minerals?

A

iron, copper, manganese, iodine

84
Q

What regulates the blood levels of calcium

A

vitamin D or PTH

85
Q

What is hydroxyapatite?

A

the bone matrix/amalgation that makes the bone cement/have rigid structure

86
Q

True or false: calcium makes up the bone crystal, hydroxyapatite

A

True!

87
Q

Other than calcium, what other minerals make up the hydroxyapatite?

A

magnesium, sodium, phosphorus, and fluoride

88
Q

What does calcium do in muscle and nerve cells?

A

serves as a secondary messenger

89
Q

What are the functions of calcium?

A

muscle contraction (binds in the sarcoplasmic reticulum)

nerve impulses (releases neurotransmitters from voltage-gated ligands)

90
Q

What happens in calcium deficiencies?

A

loss of bone structure and density
- osteopenia
- osteoporosis

pre-eclampsia and eclampsia which is generally ppl with low calcium status

91
Q

What does calcium do in metabolism?

A

plays a role in hormone regulation as a secondary messenger

92
Q

What does calcium do in blood clotting?

A

helps with cascade of turning inactive forms of stuff into active forms

93
Q

What are the mechanisms of PTH (parathyroid hormone)?

A

increases calcium absorption in the gut, tells the kidneys to stop putting it in the urine, and releases calcium from bone

94
Q

What are phytates?

A

compounds in certain plant foods that bind to certain minerals making them unavailable to cells

  • calcium
  • iron
  • zinc
95
Q

What minerals do phytates bind to?

A

CIZ: calcium, iron, zinc

96
Q

What is the second most abundant mineral in the body?

A

phosphorus

97
Q

What are the functions of phosphorus?

A

part of the bones and teeth (hydroxyapatite)

turns on and off enzyme function

part of ATP

98
Q

Where is 50% of magnesium located?

A

in the bone (hydroxyapatite)

99
Q

What are the functions of magnesium?

A

ATP stabilization (always present with ATP) and helps with muscle relaxation (calcium does the contracting) and also makes up the hydroxyapatite

100
Q

What does sulfur do?

A

big part of glutathione (antioxidant)

101
Q

Where is iron present?

A

heem

102
Q

What is the function of iron?

A

transports O2 in the blood to tissues and cells

103
Q

What are the forms of iron in our diets?

A

Heme iron: found in hemoglobin and only found in meat, fish, and poultry and more readily absorbed

non-heme iron: plant based foods less easily absorbed

104
Q

iron toxicity is known as

A

hemochromatosis

105
Q

What happens if you are deficient in zinc?

A

dwarfism since it plays a role in developin sexual organs and bone growth, DNA replication, protein synthesis, growth, and development

106
Q

What is the function of copper?

A

helps IRON absorb, store, and metabolize

107
Q

what does selenium do?

A

part of antioxidant glutathione

108
Q

What is the tissue in the body that uses iodine?

A

thyroid gland

109
Q

What happens in iodine deficiency?

A

goiter

deficiency in pregnant women can cause babies born with stunted height/growth or cretinism

110
Q

What does fluoride do?

A

strengthens the hydroxyapatite in bones and teeth

111
Q
A

Nutrition 203 (5 decks)

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