Final Exam

Question 1

Goths orinally settled in?

Answer 1

Goths settled in present-day Romania.

Question 2

Goths Timeline:

312 CE
376 CE
378 CE
410 CE

Answer 2

312 CE - Constantine removed them from Romania for turning on his forces.

376 CE - Huns removed them from Russia.

378 CE - Romans granted them to live in Balkans then were extorted by Romans causing uprising killing Valens and destroying Roman army.

410 CE - King Alaric commanded goths to loot Balkans and destroy Rome which was impregnable since the Celtic sack 700 years prior.

Question 3

St. Augustine of Hippo

Wrote?
Addressed?

Answer 3

Wrote “The City of God” during the Roman decline.

Addressed:
- Intersection of classical and Christian learning.

• Earth life was not significant
• Necessity was to give your soul to God and await second coming of Christ.

Question 4

Monasticism

Began?

Compared to?
Developed by?
Creating?

Most important fact of monasticism?

Answer 4

Began in the 3rd century.

Compared to Asceticism which is self-denial.

Asceticism was developed by Antony in 280 CE in Egypt where he sold all his items and settled in the desert for divine contemplation.

Creating monks and monasteries from this contemplation movement.

Most important is in 529 CE the book called “The Rule” written by Benedict stating the rules of how monks are to live.

Question 5

Clovis

Ruler when and of who?

Significant for?
War tactic?

Answer 5

Warrior chieftain and king of Merovingian that ruled the Franks tribe from 481-511 CE.

Clovis had Frankish laws written in Latin which later evolved into French but did lose the Frankish language as a result.

Clovis defeated the last of the Romans at the end of 5th century.

In 500 CE he and his military converted to Latin Christianity as a war tactic to be welcomed into Spain.

In 507 CE Clovis was welcomed into Spain and there he attacked the Visigoths which are the Arian Christians that ruled former Romans leading the the Franks controlling most of the Gaul.

Question 6

Justinian

Ruler when and of who?

Significant for?

Answer 6

Justinian was the Byzantine emperor from 527-565 CE in the 6th century.

Last Roman empire to speak Latin as native tongue, emperors after spoke Greek.

Devout Christian and married to empress Theodora.

Justinian called himself “Beloved of Christ” and believe it was his responsibility to lead Christians as well as perform Christian purification which destroyed Paganism in Greece and shutdown Plato’s Academy after 1,000 years.

Justinian cleaned the Roman law of contradictions and name it the Corpus Juris Civillis which is the legal system still used in Europe.

Question 7

Muhammad

Lived when and where?

Significant for?

Answer 7

Muhammad lived from 570-632 CE was from Mecca.

Significant for:

• Islamic prophet that unified Arab tribes.
• Muhammad was the last prophet to bring God’s message to humanity.
• Allah means God in Arabic and is the same God worshiped in Judaism and Christianity.
• 622 CCE Muhammad was exiled from Mecca for attempting to convert the people exclude all gods except Allah.
• Muhammad made his Hijra (journey) to Medina. The Hijra is the beginning of the Islamic calendar. Medina means “City of the prophet”.
• 630 CE, Muhammad led an army and conquered Mecca largely through persuasion uniting the Arab tribes under Islam praying only to Allah.

Question 7

Iconoclasm

Who and When?
Significance?

Answer 7

King Leo III ruled Byzantium from 717-741 CE and believed the reason for it’s decline was due to icons and banned icons which lasted until 843 CE.

• He cleansed Judaism followers or forced them to convert to Christianity and attempted to destroy icon belief.
• Icon destruction led to the Great Schism between the western and eastern churches, Orthodox and Catholic.

Question 8

Abbasid Caliphate

When?
Significance?

Answer 8

Abbasid caliphate took place in the golden age of the medieval Islam.

• Massive growth in literacy due to encouraging men and women to memorize the Koran.
• Abbasid caliphate scholarship tradition was through Aristotle’s work.
• Library called “The House of Wisdom” in Baghdad. Many advances were made in medicine and irrigation systems. Inventions like algebra, trigonometry, bank checks, and telescopes were made there.

Question 9

Charlemagne

Ruler when and of who?

Significant for?

Answer 9

Ruled from 768-814 CE as the early-medieval European king.

• His major enemy was Cordovan Caliphate of Spain who was the last surviving Umayyad power largely due to the close relationship he shared with El-Rashid, Abbasid Caliphate of the Abbasid Empire.
• Innovated Carolingian Renaissance which is where Latin bible flaws were corrected and Church reform leading in training and education.
• Handwriting was converted back to Roman letters from the Merovingian period cursive. Later the use of upper and lower case letters was created in handwriting.

Question 10

Great Schism

Answer 10

Schism = break or split

The split was caused by Iconoclasm.

This was the great split of the western and eastern churches.

The split between Orthodox and Catholic religions.

Question 11

William the Conqueror

Ruler when and of who?

Significant for?

Answer 11

Ruled from

• 1066 CE, he conquered England from the Anglo-Saxons.
• William was the Viking-Descended king from Normandy in Northern France.
• William of Normandy would defeat Harold king of England as William claimed Harold pledged fealty to him.

Question 12

First Crusade

When?
Significance?

Answer 12

First Crusade took place from 1095-1099 CE.

• Pope Urban II gave a sermon to call for the holy war to protect Byzantine Empire, the holy land, and those that would fight would receive penance.
• The first Christian holy war in the history of religion.
• 1099 - the crusaders captured Jerusalem.

Question 13

Saladin

When?
Significance?

Answer 13

1187 CE - Saladin retook Jerusalem at the Battle of Hattin.

1889 - 1192 CE - Third crusade was prompted the Roman Empire, king Phillip of France, and king Richard I (lion-hearted) to invade the holy land and reclaim it. That failed and instead king Richard I (lion-hearted) negotiated a peace deal.

Question 14

Magna Carta

When?
Significance?

Answer 14

1215 CE king John signed the Magna Carta.

Magna Carta means the great charter.

This resolved the feud between the nobility, towns and clergy resulting in the king having to respect the laws and call Parliament meetings to authorize money for wars.

Question 15

Scholasticism

Answer 15

The major intellectual movement of the High Middle Ages.

The movement foundation was the Aristotle’s work that re-entered the 11th century.

Some survived the fall of Rome and a lot was preserved by the Arabs because they believed Aristotle to be the most important pre-Islamic Philosopher.

This movement created a different form of teaching using logic to disputation. Rather than the previous which was to memorize verbatim.

Question 16

Avignon Papacy

When?
Significance?

Answer 16

1305 CE - Pope Clement V moved the papacy to Avignon France as it was less dangerous than Rome.

Avignon was peaceful but the papacy was soon influenced by French politics with the papacy having 113 French cardinals out of 134 total.

Question 17

The Western Schism

When?
Significance?

Answer 17

1378 CE - Pope Urban VI moved the papacy back to Rome but by then the French cardinals had elected a second Pope.

Both popes excommunicated each other and this led to the Great Schism with three rival popes trying to gain the papacy power.

1417 CE - Pope Martin V was made Pope and ended the Great Western Schism. He created the Via Consilii concept which is that church councils hold ultimate authority over papal appointments.

Question 18

The Hundred Years’ War

When?
Significance?

Answer 18

1337-1453 CE War between England and France

War was due to a battle of crowns.

English kings were descendants of William the Conqueror who was the Norman king that conquered the Anglo-Saxon king ruling England.

Royal and noble lines were a mix of England and France and confused inheritance of lands and titles causing many battles.

Question 19

Christine de Pizan

When?
Significance?

Answer 19

Christine lived from 1364-1430 CE in France.

She was the daughter to French king Charles V astrologer.

Most famous female thinker and writer and a pioneer of feminism.

Best known work was “The Book of the City of Ladies” which attached the idea that women were irrational, sinful, and not intelligent.

Question 20

The Columbian Exchange

When?
Significance?

Answer 20

1492-1505 CE are the voyages of Christopher Columbus.

Through his voyages he distributed a large amount of plants, animals, bacteria, and viruses which was dubbed the Columbian Exchange.

The Columbian Exchange is known as the Great Dying.

Columbus brought small pox virus that devastated the new world.

Question 21

Christian Humanism

When?
Significance?

Answer 21

Began in the Renaissance period and was the combination of Christianity and intellectual studies.

This period brought back classical culture, ideas, and art. During this time, individuality and education evolved to create a well-rounded individual. Education evolved from the need to clarify religion and instead to realize the human potential.

Civic duty, logical debates, and innovative approaches were inspired by the humanism movement.

Question 22

Martin Luther

When?
Significance?

Answer 22

Martin Luther lived 1483-1546CE.

He was a German monk and an important figure to the Protestant Reformation in 1517 CE.

The 95 Theses was an attack by Luther against the indulgences of the Pope to build St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome. It was also the beginning of the Protestant Reformation.

He argued that the only way to heaven was through faith alone and that priests were guidance not gate keepers.

Question 23

Catholic Counter-Reformation

When?
Significance?

Answer 23

Catholic Counter-Reformation occurred during 1530s CE.

The reformation was what is called the “opening up” the church to people and setting greater duties of the church to the people.

Priests no longer lived as princes and were to remain moderately celibate. The church was a moral responsibility to the people now.

Question 24

List these events chronologically before 1000 CE:

Romulus Augustus is deposed

Muhammad’s first revelation

Charlemagne crowned Holy Roman Empire

Justinian plague

St. Benedict writes “The Rule”

Battle of Tours

Islamic Golden Age beginning

Leif Erikson arrives in Newfoundland

Answer 24

476 CE - Romulus Augustus is deposed

529 CE - St. Benedict writes “The Rule”

542 CE - Justinian plague

622 CE - Muhammad’s first revelation

732 CE - Battle of Tours

750 CE - Islamic Golden Age beginning

800 CE - Charlemagne crowned Holy Roman Empire

1000 CE - Leif Erikson arrives in Newfoundland

Question 25

What year?

Romulus Augustus is deposed

Answer 25

476 CE

Question 26

What year?

St. Benedict writes “The Rule”

Answer 26

529 CE

Question 27

What year?

Justinian plague

Answer 27

542 CE

Question 28

What year?

Muhammad’s first revelation

Answer 28

622 CE

Question 29

What year?

Battle of Tours

Answer 29

732 CE

Question 30

What year?

Islamic Golden Age beginning

Answer 30

750 CE

Question 31

What year?

Charlemagne crowned Holy Roman Empire

Answer 31

800 CE

Question 32

What year?

Leif Erikson arrives in Newfoundland

Answer 32

1000 CE

Question 33

List these events chronologically after 1000 CE:

Machiavelli’s The Prince is published

Murder of St. Thomas Becket

Cortes’s Army conquers the Aztec Empire

The Council of Trent

German Peasants’ Revolt

Columbus reaches the Americas

Joan of Arc leads the French to victory at the Siege of Orleans

Martin Luther posts his Ninety-Five Theses

Norman Conquest of England

Ottoman Siege of Vienna

Vasco da Gama reaches India

Crusaders sack Constantinople

Answer 33

1066 CE - Norman Conquest of England

1170 CE - Murder of St. Thomas Becket

1204 CE - Crusaders sack Constantinople

1429 CE - Joan of Arc leads the French to victory at the Siege of Orleans

1492 CE - Columbus reaches the Americas

1497 CE - Vasco da Gama reaches India

1517 CE - Martin Luther posts his Ninety-Five Theses

1524 CE - German Peasants’ Revolt

1521 CE - Cortes’s Army conquers the Aztec Empire

1527 CE - Machiavelli’s The Prince is published

1529 CE - Ottoman Siege of Vienna

1545-1563 CE - The Council of Trent

Question 34

What year?

Norman Conquest of England

Answer 34

1066 CE

Question 35

What year?

Murder of St. Thomas Becket

Answer 35

1170 CE

Question 36

What year?

Crusaders sack Constantinople

Answer 36

1204 CE

Question 37

What year?

Joan of Arc leads the French to victory at the Siege of Orleans

Answer 37

1429 CE

Question 38

What year?

Columbus reaches the Americas

Answer 38

1492 CE

Question 39

What year?

Vasco da Gama reaches India

Answer 39

1497 CE

Question 40

What year?

Martin Luther posts his Ninety-Five Theses

Answer 40

1517 CE

Question 41

What year?

German Peasants’ Revolt

Answer 41

1524 CE

Question 42

What year?

Cortes’s Army conquers the Aztec Empire

Answer 42

1521 CE

Question 43

What year?

Machiavelli’s The Prince is published

Answer 43

1527 CE

Question 44

What year?

Ottoman Siege of Vienna

Answer 44

1529 CE

Question 45

What year?

The Council of Trent

Answer 45

1545-1563 CE

Question 46

In what ways did Byzantium continue the traditions of the Roman Empire, and in what ways did it diverge from Rome and become its own unique civilization?

Answer 46

Emperor Constantine created the Greek village, Byzantine which is renamed to Constantinople.

Constantinople referred to themselves as Romans.

Emperor Justinian was the last emperor to speak Latin as native tongue.

The Roman laws were preserved. All documents were in Latin and people were forced to renounce any Greek teachings. Finally the tax systems and Roman government stayed intact for some time until Greek became the dominant language and persuaded the arts and life.

Justinian diverged from Rome by creating a Christian empire and stamped out heresy from the Roman archbishops. Justinian separated religious views by being the “beloved of Christ” having the final say and remove Catholic ways following Orthodox Christianity. This led to the Great Schism.

Question 47

As head of the Catholic Church, the pope is considered a religious leader, but to what extent were medieval popes political leaders as well? Discuss the role medieval popes played in politics

Answer 47

Pope Urban II had influence to influence the first religious war.

Avignon papacy was in France where the majority of the cardinals became French by political bribery from the French royalties.

Investiture controversy was when Pope Gregory VII went against the Holy Roman Empire Henry IV to take claim that it’s the pope’s authority over secular rulers.

Concordat of Worms in 1122

Martin Luther was able convince people that the papacy was corrupt and the papacy powers were able to convince the Holy Roman Empire to exile Luther if he didn’t recant.

Question 48

Discuss how Muslim scholars of the Islamic Golden Age adapted and expanded upon the philosophical and/or scientific traditions of Classical Greece.

Answer 48

Islamic Golden Age took place within the Abbasid Caliphate.

Muslim scholars rooted scholarship with Aristotle’s work. Which involved Aristotle’s logic of scientific methods and theories.

Leading to the development of the House of Wisdom
and furthering innovating the Greek findings in medicine, telescopes, evaporation, filtration, algebra, and banking checks.

Arabs preserved Greek traditions and translated much of Aristotle’s works into Arabic.

Question 49

How might Charlemagne have been trying to create a new type of leadership while still integrating Roman and Christian values of previous leaders?

Answer 49

Charlemagne’s conquests gave birth to the Holy Roman Empire. Controlled by the emperor and directly tied to the pope’s authority in Rome lasting around 1,000 years.

When he conquered the Italian kingdoms of Lombards, he named himself the King of Lombards rather than appointing a new king of its people. This was a new type of leadership yet to be seen as these weren’t his people and how could he rule them.

Making new rules that kingship was deemed passable to different clans or kingdoms depending on political circumstances.

The Church was recognized and imposed strict hierarchy of archbishops to bishops to priests.

The revival of proper Latin by gathering scholars all around Europe sponsoring education of the priests and libraries.

The Latin bible was corrected of it’s flaws, removing rhetoric, astronomy, and logic.

Carolingian Renaissance was coined for his efforts to reform Church training and education.

The empire was organized into counties ruled by his elected counts that were military followers or commoners.

Question 50

How did the Black Death fundamentally change medieval European society in terms of religion, economics, culture, and/or class structure?

Answer 50

The Black Death ended in 1351 CE.

Positive effects:
labor shortage

Peasant uprising from lords tried to keep wages low leading to higher wages.

Women had more legal rights for property ownership.

Women had the right to participate in commerce.

Cultural shift surrounding death, depicting it art and theatrical performances as the “dance of death”.

People dying were to be surrounded by family and friends who were to avoid temptation to enjoy life to help the dying member prepare for death.

Negative:

Jews were the victims of the Plague because the Christians were taught to blame outsiders for the plague. Antisemitism rose and many Jews died.

Flagellants evolved during the plague where there would be groups of penitents roaming and whipping themselves begging for Gods forgiveness.

People believed it was the end of times because 2 of the 4 horsemen were prevalent from the bible, both famine and pestilence.

Question 51

In what ways did Italian Renaissance scholars embrace classicism and build upon it to create new schools of thought?

Answer 51

Renaissance means rebirth.

Petrarch championed Greek and Roman civic duty, one is moral and ethical if his position is devoted to his city.

Optimism of humankind transcended that humankind was the top achievement of God’s creations.

Education was a tool to create well-rounded individuals and education was created to support religious aspects and debate them with intellectual thought.

Boys and girls were being educated in cities or with private tutors. Humanistic education that focused on rhetoric, math, and history.

Question 52

Why did Europeans engage in “voyages of discovery” during the 15th century, and what social and economic impacts did these voyages have on Europe, Africa, and the Americas

Answer 52

One major drive is the demand for spices which could not be grown in the European countries only in Asian regions.

Constantinople fell in 1453 CE and the Ottoman Empire rose controlling the land. This land was used for trade which was now gave Ottoman Empire the profits of the trade route and Europeans wanted it for themselves.

The trade was being done with the Muslims which were the middleman. Europeans wanted to cut out the middleman and go straight to the source.

The caravel was designed and able to navigate waters.

Columbus reached the Americas and transferred crops, animals, and metals which grew the European economy.

Columbus gave to the Americas the small pox virus and displaced the indigenous people by selling them as slaves. Which led to the demand to send Africans to work as slaves at the American plantation creating the transatlantic slave trade.

Question 53

8. Discuss the main tenets of Lutheranism, how these tenets challenged the Catholic Church establishment, and how the Catholic Church responded.

Answer 53

Faith alone was salvation not good deeds and challenged the Catholic church.

The bible is the religious authority not the papacy of Catholic church.

All Christians have direct access to God not just hierarchy of the Catholic church.

Priests were to be guidance not gatekeepers to heave.

Luther translated the bible for the people to have access and read it directly.

He created the 95 Theses which attacked the Catholic churches indulgences that prayed on people to pay for their sins. Pope Leo X has issued the indulgences to fund building St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome.

1521, Luther was tried at at the Diet of Worms and was ordered to recant. When he wouldn’t he was declared an “outlaw” and was to not be offered food or water and no one would suffer penalty if Luther was murdered.