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HIS101 > Ch.1 Origins of Civilization > Flashcards

Ch.1 Origins of Civilization Flashcards

1
Q

CE

A

Common Era

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1
Q

BCE

A

Before Common Era

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2
Q

Before Christ (BC) originates from Christianity and is generally replaced by

A

Before Common Era (BCE)

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3
Q

AD or “Year of the lord”

A

Anno Domini

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4
Q

Anno Domino is generally replaced by

A

Common Era (CE)

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5
Q

Human beings are members of a species?

A

hominids

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6
Q

What is the earliest hominid ancestor of humankind?

A

Australopithecus

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7
Q

When did the Australopithecus evolve?

A

3.9 billion years ago

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8
Q

Australopithecus was most similar to?

A

Present-day Chimpanzees

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9
Q

This descendant of the Australopithecus was the first hominid to walk upright?

A

Homo erectus

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10
Q

The Australopithecus were the first to develop?

A

Tool-making technology
Made knives out of obsidian

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11
Q

Which hominid descendent mastered the use of fire and when did they emerge?

A

Homo sapiens that emerged roughly 300,000 years ago

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12
Q

Which two hominids were physically different but able to interbreed?

A

Neanderthals (homo sapiens)
Homo sapiens sapiens

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13
Q

When did humans create agriculture, the deliberate cultivation of edible plants?

A

9,500 BCE

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14
Q

In what known 4 regions did agriculture first develop?

A

Fertile Crescent which is in the Middle East

Northern China
Sub-Saharan Africa
West South America

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15
Q

When did Northern China develop agriculture?

A

7000 BCE

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16
Q

When did Sub-Saharan Africa develop agriculture?

A

5000 BCE

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17
Q

When did Northern China develop agriculture?

A

4000 BCE

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18
Q

When/where was crop rotation developed?

A

Fertile Crescent around 8000 BCE

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19
Q

When/where was the plow developed?

A

Fertile Crescent around 5000 BCE

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20
Q

When were dogs domesticated?

A

Roughly 20,000 BCE

21
Q

Where/when did the first towns exist?

A

Jericho, Palestine
Çatal Höyük, Turkey

22
Q

What is the earliest surviving literature?

A

The Epic of Gilgamesh

23
Q

Mesopotamia was located?

A

Eastern end of Fertile Crescent

23
Q

What was the theme of The Epic of Gilgamesh?

A

Human mortality

23
Q

What does Mesopotamia mean?

A

It’s Greek for “between the rivers”

24
Q

Mesopotamia was in between what two main rivers?

A

Tigris and Euphrates

25
Q

Urban Mesopotamia existed around?

A

3000 BCE

26
Q

Where did the first true cities emerge?

A

Southern Mesopotamian region of Sumer

Northern Mesopotamian region of Akkad

27
Q

What two languages were used in Sumer and Akkad?

A

Ancient Sumerian
Akkadian

28
Q

What family of languages is Akkadian related?

A

Semitic
Related to modern languages like Arabic and Hebrew.

29
Q

What/when is the name of the first early Sumerian city?

A

Uruk which was large by 3500 BCE

30
Q

Uruk had a population of roughly

A

50,000 people

31
Q

Why was Uruk important?

A

Major center for long-distance trade

32
Q

What/when was the earliest term for “king”?

A

Around 2500 BCE

Ensis meaning representative of god who really ruled the city

33
Q

Around 3,000 BCE each city center created huge temples for worship called?

A

Ziggurat - step-pyramid

34
Q

Who/when was the first writing system invented?

A

Mesopotamians invented around 3,000 BCE

35
Q

First writing system invented

A

Cuneiform

36
Q

Pictographic system in which each word or idea was represented by a symbol but then evolved into syllabic symbols.

A

Cuneiform

37
Q

The first known author?

A

Sumerian high priestess Enheduanna

Daughter of the great conqueror Sargon of Akkad

38
Q

Enheduanna served as high priestess of the goddess and god?

A

Goddess Inanna
Nanna God of the moon

39
Q

The most substantial surviving law code?

A

Babylonian King Hammurabi around 1780 BCE

40
Q

The famous law by King Hammurabi

A

“if a man put the eye of another man, his eye shall be put out”

41
Q

When/who/where was the world’s first true empire?

A

Around 2340 BCE and ended around 2200 BCE

King Sargon the Great also known as Sargon of Akkad

Conquered almost all of the major cities of Mesopotamia

42
Q

The second empire after the Sargon’s Empire collapse was called and notable for?

A

Ur III Dynasty by King Ur-Nammu around 2112 BCE

Complex system of bureaucracy to govern conquered cities.

43
Q

Bureaucracy means?

A

Rule by office

44
Q

The third known empire after the collapse of Ur III Dynasty was known for?

A

Great empire of Hammurabi

Lasted from 1792 - 1595 BCE

Recentered Mesopotamia to Babylon and made laws.

45
Q

The first domesticated horse comes from?

A

The steppes of Central Asia

46
Q

When/who/where was the earliest Chinese kingdom?

A

1900 BCE

China’s Xia Dynasty

Yellow River region of Northern China

47
Q

Mesoamerica regions historical architectural evolution rooted from/when/where?

A

Olmecs civilization

1400 BCE

Mesoamerica is the gulf coast of central Mexico

48
Q

The earliest Chinese writings?

A

Shang Dynasty
1600 thru 1046 BCE

HIS101 (3 decks)

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