FINAL EXAM Flashcards
lipids:
oils, fats
carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
osmosis:
diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
selectively permeable membrane:
allows some things to pass through
diffusion:
water moves from areas of high to low concentration
active transport:
molecules need energy to move
passive transport:
doesn’t require energy to move
hypertonic solution:
water flows in
hypotonic solution:
water flows out
isotonic solution:
same concentration as the cell’s cytoplasm
endocytosis:
takes in substance from outside the cell
exocytosis:
moving large molecules to the cell’s exterior
3 bacterial structures:
cocci, bacilli, spirilla
binary fission:
method of asexual reproduction
steps of binary fission:
- DNA attach to membrane
- duplicates
- membrane enlarges
- wall forms in middle
- 2 daughters form
endotoxin:
found in bacterial walls
exotoxin
secreted into surrounding area
benefits of bacteria:
provides nutrients
ferments foods
breaks down food
lytic cycle:
immediately causes disease
1. adsorption
2. entry
3. replication
4. assembly
5. release
lysogenic cycle:
doesn’t cause immediate disease
1. adsorption
2. entry
3. prophage stage
4. external stimuli
viruses are made up of:
RNA/DNA and a protein casing
external barriers:
skin, saliva, mucus
internal defenses:
lymphatic system, antibodies, white blood cells
antibodies:
bind to foreign invaders
interferons:
stimulate antiviral proteins
lymphatic system:
organs/cells filter blood and lymph
Germ Theory:
disease is often cause by microorganisms
bacteria is:
a living, single-celled organism
fungi are:
multi/single celled, grow in warm, damp places
protozoa are:
single-celled organisms
parasites are:
multicellular, feed off host
key component to an organic molecule:
carbon
monomer:
small molecules
polymer:
made by joining monomers
hydrolysis:
breaking down complex molecules with water
dehydration synthesis:
bonding sugars by removing water
catabolic:
breaking down molecules
anabolic:
bonding molecules
nucleic acid:
DNA, genetic info
sources of energy:
starch
glycogen
glucose compound:
C6H12O6
simple sugar:
1 sugar molecule
complex sugar:
large macromolecules
glycemic index:
measures how fast/far blood sugar rises
diabetes types:
- born with it
- onset
functions of proteins:
structure
hormones
antibodies
movement
effects of excess protein:
ketosis
bone/teeth problems
dehydration
ATP:
a form of energy used by cells to function
key sugars:
glucose, fructose, galactose
saturated vs unsaturated fats
saturated- no double bonded carbon
unsaturated- 2 hydrogens per carbon
what are good fats?
reduce blood cholesterol
high HDL
what are bad fats?
raise cholesterol
high LDL
LDL:
low density lipoproteins
“bad”
HDL:
high density lipoproteins
“good”
