Final Exam

Question 1

In your own words, state the 5 statements that make up the Particle Theory of Matter.

Answer 1

1) All matter is made up of tiny particles.
2) All particles of one substance is the same. Different particles are made up of different substances.
3) The space between particles are large compared to the particles themselves.
4) Particles are always moving.
5) There are attractive forces among particles.

Question 2

State the 5 methods of identifying that a chemical change has occurred.

Answer 2

1) A new colour has appeared.
2) A change in odour.
3) Formation of gas or bubbles.
4) Formation of a precipitate.
5) Production of heat or light.

Question 3

What is the difference between a chemical change and a physical change?

Answer 3

1) Physical Change = When the characteristic physical properties of a substance does not change, and no new substances are formed.
2) Chemical Change = When a new substance is formed that has new properties than those in the original substance.

Question 4

State the Law of Electric Charges

Answer 4

1) Opposite charges attract
2) Like charges repel
3) Charged and neutral charges attract.

Question 5

Distinguish between an insulator and a conductor and provide two
examples of each.

Answer 5

1) Insulator = Resists electrical flow (rubber and wood)
2) Conductor = Allows electrical flow (iron and copper)

Question 6

Distinguish between static electricity and current electricity.

Answer 6

1) Static electricity is electric charges that are on the surface of an object.
2) Current electricity are electric charges that are in motion within a conductor.

Question 7

List the four parts of a simple circuit and give examples of each.

Answer 7

1) Load = Lightbulb
2) Connectors = Wires
3) Source = Battery
4) Control device = Switch

Question 8

Distinguish between a closed and an open circuit:
When current is flowing through a circuit, the switch is ________
b. In a circuit, electric charges flow from the _______ terminal to the
______ terminal

Answer 8

1) Closed
2) Negative
3) Positive

Question 9

What is the name, use and function of the following components:
1) Cell
2) Battery
3) Switch
4) Fuse
5) Ammeter
6) Voltmeter
7) Resistor
8) Load
9) Connector

Answer 9

1) Cell - Power source
2) Battery - Power source
3) Switch - Controls the current through a circuit.
4) Fuse - Protects; protects against surges
5) Ammeter - Measures current
6) Voltmeter - Measures the potential difference across a load.
7) Resistor - Resists current
8) Load - Uses the electrical energy to perform a task
9) Connector - Connects electricity through a circuit

Question 10

Define resistance.

Answer 10

Resistance slows down the flow of electrons.

Question 11

Which of the following would have the higher resistance in a circuit: the conducting
wire or the light bulb? Explain.

Answer 11

The lightbulb because it slows down the current to convert the electrical energy into heat/light.

Question 12

What is the advantage of connecting circuits in series? In parallel?

Answer 12

Circuits in series require less materials and the current stays the same throughout, but in parallel circuits if one part fails, the rest will still work.

Question 13

Define current, potential difference, and resistance.

Answer 13

1) Current = The number of electric charges flowing past a fixed points per second.
2) Potential difference = The difference between the electric potential energy per unit of charge at 2 points in a circuit.
3) Resistance = The ability to resist the flow of electrons in a conductor.

Question 14

What is the formula for Ohm’s law?

Answer 14

V = I x R

Question 15

What is a short circuit? What device in your house is used to protect from electrical fires
in the case of a short circuit?

Answer 15

Short circuit is when electric current flows down the wrong pr unintened path with little to no resistance. (Fuse or circuit breaker)

Question 16

Name the 3 methods for charging an object (with static electricity):

Answer 16

1) Charging by friction
2) Charging by contact
3) Charging by induction

Question 17

Define the following terms:
1) Ecology
2) Ecosystem
3) Population
4) Community
5) Biodiversity
6) Biosphere
7) Lithosphere
8) Atmosphere
9) Hydroshpere

Answer 17

1) Ecology - A branch of science that studies the relationship between living things and their environment.
2) Ecosystem - Interactions of organisms and their non living environment
3) Population - A group of individuals of the same species.
4) Community - All the organisms that inhabit a particular region.
5) Biodiversity - The variety of organisms in an ecosystem and their influence on one another.
6) Biosphere - The part of the earth where organisms can live on.
7) Lithosphere - The hard part of the earth’s surface.
8) Atmosphere - The layer of gases above the earth’s surface.
9) Hydrosphere - All the water on the earth’s surface.

Question 18

What is a food chain and a food web?

Answer 18

1) Food chain - Energy flow from one organism to another.
2) Food web - Multiple overlapping food chains within a single ecosystem.

Question 19

Classify the following organisms as producers, consumers, or decomposers:
1) Pine tree
2) Cougar
3) Soil bacteria
4) Worms
5) Dogs
6) Grass

Answer 19

1) Pine tree = Producer
2) Cougar = Consumer
3) Soil bacteria = Decomposer
4) Worms = Decomposer
5) Dogs = Consumer
6) Grass = Producer

Question 20

Classify the following organisms as herbivores, carnivores, or omnivores:
1) Snake
2) Bear
3) Rabbit
4) Caterpillar
5) Human
6) Owl

Answer 20

1) Snake = Carnivore
2) Bear = Omnivore
3) Rabbit = Herbivore
4) Caterpillar = Herbivore
5) Human = Omnivore
6) Owl = Carnivore

Question 21

What is a top carnivore? Give an example.

Answer 21

A top carnivore is an animals that is not hunted down or preyed upon by other animals. Like a lion

Question 22

Write out the word equations for photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

Answer 22

1) Photosynthesis : Carbon dioxide + Water = Glucose + Oxygen
2) Cellular Respiration: Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon dioxide + Water

Question 23

Where does photosynthesis and cellular respiration occur?

Answer 23

Photosynthesis occurs in only plants, but cellular respiration occurs in both plants and animals

Question 24

Define the term pesticide and pest.

Answer 24

1) Pest = An unwanted organism that is harmful to human activity
2) Pesticide = A toxic substance thats use to kill the unwanted organism.

Question 25

List two advantages and two disadvantages of pesticide use.

Answer 25

1) Advantages = Increase in food production and reduces competition for nutrients among crops and livestock.
2) Disadvantages = Might introduce long lived toxins into the environment and reduces biodiversity.

Question 26

Explain the terms bioaccumulation and biomagnification.

Answer 26

1) Bioaccumulation = The buildup of harmful toxins within the tissues of an organism.
2) Biomagnification = The concentration of harmful toxins as you move up the food chain

Question 27

What consequences does each of the following activities pose to an ecosystem?
1) Construction of roads and buildings
2) Dam building
3) Consumption of fossil fuels

Answer 27

1) Construction of roads and buildings = Habitat destruction, greenhouse gas emissions, and pollution.
Dam building = Habitat destruction, greenhouse gas emissions, and flooding.
3) Consumption of fossil fuels = Habitat destruction, greenhouse gas emissions, and climate change

Question 28

What is the largest source of nitrogen on Earth?

Answer 28

The atmosphere

Question 29

The largest source of nitrogen is not useable to living things. What 2 processes occur on earth that converts nitrogen to a useable form of nitrogen? Briefly describe both.

Answer 29

1) Lightning converts nitrogen into useable forms that dissolves in rain water and falls to the soil.
2) Nitrogen fixing bacteria found in soil converts atmospheric nitrogen into biologically usable forms

Question 30

Many of the nutrient cycles would not continue without a certain living thing. State that living thing and explain how it causes the carbon and water cycle to continue.

Answer 30

Plants are crucial for the water and carbon cycles. Photosynthesis takes carbon from the atmosphere to the biosphere and water from the hydrosphere to the biosphere. Then cellular respiration takes the carbon and moves it back to the atmosphere and water from the hydrosphere back to the atmosphere through transpiration.

Question 31

How would you define biodiversity?

Answer 31

The variety of living organisms

Question 32

Not all environments support the same amounts of biodiversity. Why is it that some environments have higher biodiversity than others?

Answer 32

Abiotic factors like weather and temperature impacts biodiversity. Environments with extreme weather conditions like the polar regions and desert, tends to support lower amounts of biodiversity.

Question 33

What’s a constellation?

Answer 33

A constellation is a group of stars that form a pattern in the sky.

Question 34

State the planets in order.

Answer 34

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

Question 35

What are the terrestrial planets?

Answer 35

Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars

Question 36

What are the gas giants?

Answer 36

Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

Question 37

State the characteristics of Mercury.

Answer 37

• 0.39 AU from the Sun
• A rock ball covered in craters, a little larger than the Earth’s moon
• No atmosphere

Question 38

State the characteristics of Earth.

Answer 38

• 1 AU from the Sun
• Rocky world capable of living in.
• Atmosphere made of N2, O2, and H2O