Final Exam Flashcards
1
Q
Society
A
A large group of people who live in the same area and share a distinctive culture and institutions.
2
Q
Bourgeoisie
A
People who owned a business (RIch people)
3
Q
Proletariat
A
People that laboured (Poor)
4
Q
Norms
A
Rules set out for a peculiar role considered standard behaviour.
5
Q
Cultural Diffusion
A
Spread of a cultural trait through contact
6
Q
Cognitive Consistency
A
We seek consistency in our beliefs and attitudes at any cost even though our thoughts, behaviour or actions may be irrational. We are willing to do this to get rid of that uncomfortable feeling
7
Q
Primary Sources
A
First hand resources
8
Q
Cognitive Dissonance
A
A person experiences conflicting attitudes, beliefs or behaviours.
9
Q
Deviance
A
Behaviour that violates the standards of expectations or standards of a group.
10
Q
Secondary Sources
A
Research from other platforms
11
Q
Content Analysis
A
Examines and classified content in a sample group (Looking at all of taylor swift’s songs)
12
Q
Participant Observation
A
Becoming part of the group primary analysis (Joining society to see how they live
13
Q
Quantitative Methods
A
The process of collecting and analyzing numerical data.
14
Q
Secondary Analysis
A
Secondary data refers to data that is collected by someone other than the primary user
15
Q
Adolescence
A
Transitional period between childhood and adulthood that typically lasts from 18 to 21
16
Q
Qualitative Methods
A
non-numerical data in order to gain an understanding of individuals’ social reality
-beliefs
-norms
-motivation
17
Q
Paradigm Shift
A
A worldwide change in worldview, concepts, and practices of how something works or is achieved
18
Q
Conformity
A
Compliance with standards, rules, or laws.
19
Q
Census
A
It gives an accurate portrait of the population
Provides a snapshot of the society
20
Q
Demography
A
The study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations.
21
Q
Socialization
A
The process beginning during childhood by which individuals acquire the values, habits, and attitudes of a society
22
Q
Fledglings
A
Adult children returning home after schooling cause they cannot live alone
23
Q
Social Stratification
A
Refers to a society’s categorization of its people into rankings of socioeconomic tiers based on factors like wealth, income, race, education, and power.
24
Q
Relative Poverty
A
People cannot afford actively to participate in society and benefit from the activities and experiences that most people take for granted.
25
LICO (Low Income Cut Off)
A larger share of income is devoted towards food, water necessities.
26
Absolute Poverty
Does not have the minimum amount of income needed to meet the minimum living requirements needed over an extended period of time.
27
Social Homogamy
People who choose their partners with who they share similar life experiences, interests, or beliefs
28
Desensitization
The way that in which people become less anxious and shocked by media violence, as a result of exposure
29
Normalization
ideas and actions come to be seen as 'normal' and become taken-for-granted or 'natural' in everyday life.
-grieving a loved one
-not practicing cannibalism
-avoiding danger
30
Oppression
A combination of prejudice and institutional power that creates a system that regularly and severely discriminates against some groups and benefits other groups.
31
Discrimination
The unfair or prejudicial treatment of people and groups based on characteristics such as race
32
Prejudice
The beliefs, thoughts, feelings, and attitudes someone holds about a group.
33
Stereotype
Characteristics that society instinctively attributes to groups of people to classify
34
Values
Intangible qualities or beliefs accepted and endorsed by a given society.
35
Independent Variable
A variable that stands alone and isn't changed by the other variables you are trying to measure.
36
Dependent Variable
The variable that depends on other factors that are measured
37
Control Group
The subjects not exposed to the independent variable to ensure the validity of the results.
38
Experimental Group
A group in a scientific experiment that gets exposure to the independent variable.
39
Dopamine
Give you feelings of pleasure, satisfaction and motivation.
40
Endogamy
The custom of marrying only within the limits of a local community, clan, or tribe.
41
Ethnology
The branch of anthropology that deals with races and peoples, their relations to one another, their origins, and their distinctive characteristics
42
Karl Marx and Capitalism, Marxism
-Marx believed that capitalism would eventually destroy itself
-All people would eventually become working class
-Analyses the impact of the ruling class on the laborers
-Leads to uneven distribution of wealth and privileges in the society
43
Antonio Gramsci & Cultural Hegemony
-Explains social-control, structures of society
-Domination maintained through ideals and cultural values
-Allows people in power to strongly influence the values, norms, ideas and behaviors of society
44
George Gerbner & The Effects of the Media
Prolonged exposure to media, especially tv would influence similar behaviours in the viewing audience
45
Albert Bandura and the Bobo Doll Experiment
-Aggression is learned through observation of others
-People learn the best in social settings
-Peoples learning can be affected by their mental state
46
Max Weber & Ideal Types
A common mental construct in the social sciences derived from observable reality although not conforming to it in detail because of deliberate simplification and exaggeration.
47
Systems of Social Stratification – Closed versus Open; Caste System versus Class System
closed - accommodate little change in social position (estate, slavery)
open - allows for people to move from one social level to the next (a person of low class may become a member of middle class then elite class by achievement)
caste system - born into it and will remain in that social class their entire life
class system - a person who comes from a wealthy background, has a college education, and holds some level of influence is placed in a higher rank than someone with a blue-collar occupation.
48
Theories relating to Inequality – Structural Functionalism, Symbolic Interactionism, Looking Glass Self, Conflict Theory, Cultural Materialism, Feminism
structural functionalism - each of the institutions, relationships, roles, and norms that together constitute a society serves a purpose
symbolic interactionism - meanings attached to human interaction, both verbal and nonverbal and to symbols
looking glass self - individuals base their sense of self on how they believe others view them
conflict theory - society is a constant state of perpetual conflict because of competition for limited resources
cultural materialism - technological and economic aspects play the primary role in shaping society
feminism - advocacy of women's rights on the basis of equality of the sexes
49
Social Sciences
The study and analysis of human behavior and actions
50
Anthropology
The study of humankind around the world and throughout time
51
Anthropology:
Physical
Studying evolution, genetic inheritance, adaptability, primatology and human evolution
52
Anthropology:Culture
-culture
-ethnocentrisms
- communication
-survival
-economic patterns
-social control
-class
53
Archeology
Bones, and major trends in evolution, finding, excavating and dating and analyzing material and remains of past societies
Linguistic
54
Antrho: Linguistic
Studies the role of language in community, national, and cross cultural interactions. Concerned with the social and cultural factors that underlie people's use of language to share information and shape cultures and community life.
55
Psychology
The study of why and how humans act the way that they do
56
Sociology
The study of social life, social change, and the social causes and consequences of human behaviour.
57
Sigmund Freud & Psychoanalysis
The mind is responsible for unconscious and conscious decisions (id, ego, super-ego)
58
B.F. Skinner & Operant Conditioning
Method of learning that uses rewards and punishments to modify behavior
Punishment and reinforcement
59
Ivan Pavlov & Classical Conditioning
Automatic, conditioned response is paired with a specific stimuli
60
Theories of Change – Evolutionary Theory
All societies evolve from simple beginnings and over time they become more complex or developed. At the root of this theory, is the idea that societies progress over time
61
Theories of change: Cyclical Theory
Societies and civilizations change according to cycles of rise, decline and fall just as individual persons are born, mature, old age and death.
62
Theories of change: Challenge & Response Theory
Explains why and how civilizations throughout history have grown and vanished climate change, population growth etc
63
Theories of change: Functionalist Theory
The different parts of society are primarily composed of social institutions, each designed to fill different needs.
64
Theories of change: Conflict Theory
Opposing groups are in conflict until the more dominant one overpowers the rest
65
Theories of change
Evolution theory, cyclical, challenge & response theory, functionalists theory and conflict theory.
66
Microsociology
The study of the experiences, roles and interactions of individuals and small groups in society
67
Macrosociology
A sociological approach in which groups, social systems and social structures are analyzed on a large scale. They are interested in changes that influence an entire society.
68
Views of adolescence:
Margaret Mead,Jean Piaget and Talcott Parsons
69
Views of adolescence:Margaret Mead
Believes there is no stage of adolescence and that is a western thing. CUltural influence
70
Views of adolescence::Jean Piaget
Children's intelligence changes as they grow older
71
Views of adolescence:Talcott Parsons:
Separation of female and male roles
72
Stanley Hall & Storm and Stress
-Transition between emotions
-Extreme swings of behaviour
-Emotional contradiction
-Delayed transition into adulthood to allow them to mature at a slower pace
73
David Elkind
Egocentrism: Heightened self awareness and self consciousness
Imaginary Audience: Everyone is focused on you at all times
Personal Fable: Believing nothing bad can happen to you, Star of the show
74
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
-Self actualization
-Esteem
-Love and belonging
-Safety needs
-Physiological needs
75
Types of Social Movements
Reformative,Revolutionary,Alternative,Redemptive
76
Reformative
Aims to effect more limited changes in a society. Organized to carry out reforms in specific areas. The reforms endeavour to change elements of the system for the better.
77
Revolutionary
Attempts to change a society totally. The movements are deeply dissatisfied with the social order and work for radical change. They advocate replacing the entire existing structure. One of the mostly successful.
78
Alternative
Seeks only limited changed in people.
79
Redemptive
Focuses on changing people completely. Fundamentalist religious movements and cults are examples of redemptive movements. When religious movements emphasize conversation, they indicate that they expect a complete individual transformation, a radical inner change
80
Albert Bandura (Bobo doll):
The aim of Bandura's experiment was to demonstrate that if children were witnesses to an aggressive display by an adult they would imitate this aggressive behavior when given the opportunity.
81
Sigmund Freud
Id -A person's desires, it’s so strong at times that it ignores all rationality -Part of the unconscious mind
Ego - The rational one that is the opposite of the ID - Part of the conscious mind
Superego -Balances between the ID and Ego- Floats between conscious and subconscious mind
82
B.F. Skinner: rat
Skinner showed how positive reinforcement worked by placing a hungry rat in his Skinner box. The box contained a lever on the side, and as the rat moved about the box, it would accidentally knock the lever. Immediately it did so that a food pellet would drop into a container next to the lever.
83
Ivan Pavlov: dog
Experiments with dogs showed that is was possible to get a dog to associate the sound of a bell with the imminent arrival of food
84
Margaret Mead
Argued that the storm and stress of teenage years are not inevitable
85
Jean Piaget
Argued that teenager are simply figuring things out and challenging ideas with which they do not agree
86
Stanley Hall
Came up with the concept of “storm and stress” to describe adolescent behaviour
Suggested that adolescent behaviour is marked by there hey aspects: conflict with parent, mood disruptions, and risky behavior.
87
David Elkind
Teenagers believe they are the center of everybody's focus
88
Jane Elliott
Eye colour experiment about racism
89
Leon Festinger
Downward comparison :Occurs when an individual compares himself or herself to someone who us worse off
Upward comparison:Occurs when an individual compares himself or herself to someone whos is better off
Competitive emulation:Keeping pace with others, typically neighbours and coworker, in material goods and lifestyle
90
Emile Durkheim
Society should be analyzed and described in terms of functions. Society is a system of interrelated parts where no one part can function without the other. These parts make up the whole of society.
91
Stanley Milgram
People will likely follow orders, even harmful ones, when instructed by an accepted authority figure.
92
Paul Piff
Does money make you mean? When we isolate ourselves from those less fortunate, we run the risk of descending into callous self-absorption
93
Muzafer Sherif
Realistic conflict theory:a psychological theory of prejudice that suggests competition for scarce resources as the reason for conflict between groups.
94
Charles Cooley: Looking Glass Self
-a person develops their self-image based on the responses of others as well as their perception of how others see and judge them.
1.First, we imagine how we must appear to others.
2.Second, we imagine the judgment of that appearance.
3.Finally, we develop ourselves through the judgments of others.
95
Max Weber: Ideal Types
-Social class
-Status
-Power.
An organization with a clearly defined hierarchy, division of labor, and set of rules and regulations.
96
George Gerbner
States that the mass media (particularly television) have a preponderant role at the definition of people's cultural and social values.
97
Antonio Gramsci
Intellectuals are defined by their function and role in society. Gramsci distinguishes between two types of intellectuals: traditional and organic.
98
Karl Marx
Marxism argues that capitalism as a form of economic and social reproduction is inherently flawed and will ultimately fail.
99
Oppression Types (Faces of Oppression)
-Marginalization
-Powerless
-Violence
-Exploitation
-Cultural Imperialism
100
Types of deviance
Conflict theory, labeling theory,structural/strain,Differential Association / Social Learning Theory and Control Theory / Social Bond Theory
101
Types of deviance: Control Theory
Focuses on a person's self-control as a way of avoiding deviance
their ability to anticipate and avoid the consequences of their actions.
102
Types of deviance:Differential Association / Social Learning Theory:
Argues that who you associate with makes deviance more or less likely.
through interaction with others, individuals learn the values, attitudes, techniques, and motives
103
Types of deviance:structural/strain:
How deviance works on a macro scale.
works on the assumption that everyone who does deviant things will be treated as deviant
104
Types of deviance:labeling theory:
understands deviance through what's known as labeling theory
the idea that things like deviance and conformity are not so much a matter of what you do, but how people label it.
Differential association (doesnt focus on labels)
highlight the interpersonal responses to deviance
105
Types of deviance: Conflict theory
Links deviance to social power
conflict-theory perspective points out that they are often the most powerless
106
Addiction to Technology
Compulsion loop: a cycle of activities that are encouraged to be looped or repeated because of a neurochemical reward (in the form of dopamine) released into your brain.
Grey Matter : enables individuals to control movement, memory, and emotions.
Addiction: when you have a strong physical or psychological need or urge to do something or use something
Dopamine : acts on areas of the brain to give you feelings of pleasure, satisfaction and motivation.
107
Erik Erikson
Well known for his theory of psychosocial development. He proposed that individuals go through eight stages of development across their lifespan, each characterized by a unique psychosocial crisis that must be resolved for healthy personality development. These stages range from infancy to old age and focus on different aspects of identity, relationships, and societal expectations.
108
Lawrence Kohlberg:
Well known for his theory of moral development. He proposed that individuals progress through stages of moral reasoning, advancing from a focus on self interests to an understanding of universal ethical principles.
109
