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Challenge and Change > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Society

A

A large group of people who live in the same area and share a distinctive culture and institutions.

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2
Q

Bourgeoisie

A

People who owned a business (RIch people)

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3
Q

Proletariat

A

People that laboured (Poor)

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4
Q

Norms

A

Rules set out for a peculiar role considered standard behaviour.

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5
Q

Cultural Diffusion

A

Spread of a cultural trait through contact

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6
Q

Cognitive Consistency

A

We seek consistency in our beliefs and attitudes at any cost even though our thoughts, behaviour or actions may be irrational. We are willing to do this to get rid of that uncomfortable feeling

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7
Q

Primary Sources

A

First hand resources

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8
Q

Cognitive Dissonance

A

A person experiences conflicting attitudes, beliefs or behaviours.

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9
Q

Deviance

A

Behaviour that violates the standards of expectations or standards of a group.

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10
Q

Secondary Sources

A

Research from other platforms

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11
Q

Content Analysis

A

Examines and classified content in a sample group (Looking at all of taylor swift’s songs)

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12
Q

Participant Observation

A

Becoming part of the group primary analysis (Joining society to see how they live

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13
Q

Quantitative Methods

A

The process of collecting and analyzing numerical data.

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14
Q

Secondary Analysis

A

Secondary data refers to data that is collected by someone other than the primary user

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15
Q

Adolescence

A

Transitional period between childhood and adulthood that typically lasts from 18 to 21

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16
Q

Qualitative Methods

A

non-numerical data in order to gain an understanding of individuals’ social reality
-beliefs
-norms
-motivation

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17
Q

Paradigm Shift

A

A worldwide change in worldview, concepts, and practices of how something works or is achieved

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18
Q

Conformity

A

Compliance with standards, rules, or laws.

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19
Q

Census

A

It gives an accurate portrait of the population
Provides a snapshot of the society

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20
Q

Demography

A

The study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations.

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21
Q

Socialization

A

The process beginning during childhood by which individuals acquire the values, habits, and attitudes of a society

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22
Q

Fledglings

A

Adult children returning home after schooling cause they cannot live alone

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23
Q

Social Stratification

A

Refers to a society’s categorization of its people into rankings of socioeconomic tiers based on factors like wealth, income, race, education, and power.

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24
Q

Relative Poverty

A

People cannot afford actively to participate in society and benefit from the activities and experiences that most people take for granted.

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25
Q

LICO (Low Income Cut Off)

A

A larger share of income is devoted towards food, water necessities.

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26
Q

Absolute Poverty

A

Does not have the minimum amount of income needed to meet the minimum living requirements needed over an extended period of time.

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27
Q

Social Homogamy

A

People who choose their partners with who they share similar life experiences, interests, or beliefs

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28
Q

Desensitization

A

The way that in which people become less anxious and shocked by media violence, as a result of exposure

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29
Q

Normalization

A

ideas and actions come to be seen as ‘normal’ and become taken-for-granted or ‘natural’ in everyday life.

-grieving a loved one
-not practicing cannibalism
-avoiding danger

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30
Q

Oppression

A

A combination of prejudice and institutional power that creates a system that regularly and severely discriminates against some groups and benefits other groups.

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31
Q

Discrimination

A

The unfair or prejudicial treatment of people and groups based on characteristics such as race

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32
Q

Prejudice

A

The beliefs, thoughts, feelings, and attitudes someone holds about a group.

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33
Q

Stereotype

A

Characteristics that society instinctively attributes to groups of people to classify

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34
Q

Values

A

Intangible qualities or beliefs accepted and endorsed by a given society.

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35
Q

Independent Variable

A

A variable that stands alone and isn’t changed by the other variables you are trying to measure.

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36
Q

Dependent Variable

A

The variable that depends on other factors that are measured

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37
Q

Control Group

A

The subjects not exposed to the independent variable to ensure the validity of the results.

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38
Q

Experimental Group

A

A group in a scientific experiment that gets exposure to the independent variable.

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39
Q

Dopamine

A

Give you feelings of pleasure, satisfaction and motivation.

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40
Q

Endogamy

A

The custom of marrying only within the limits of a local community, clan, or tribe.

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41
Q

Ethnology

A

The branch of anthropology that deals with races and peoples, their relations to one another, their origins, and their distinctive characteristics

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42
Q

Karl Marx and Capitalism, Marxism

A

-Marx believed that capitalism would eventually destroy itself
-All people would eventually become working class
-Analyses the impact of the ruling class on the laborers
-Leads to uneven distribution of wealth and privileges in the society

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43
Q

Antonio Gramsci & Cultural Hegemony

A

-Explains social-control, structures of society
-Domination maintained through ideals and cultural values
-Allows people in power to strongly influence the values, norms, ideas and behaviors of society

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44
Q

George Gerbner & The Effects of the Media

A

Prolonged exposure to media, especially tv would influence similar behaviours in the viewing audience

45
Q

Albert Bandura and the Bobo Doll Experiment

A

-Aggression is learned through observation of others
-People learn the best in social settings
-Peoples learning can be affected by their mental state

46
Q

Max Weber & Ideal Types

A

A common mental construct in the social sciences derived from observable reality although not conforming to it in detail because of deliberate simplification and exaggeration.

47
Q

Systems of Social Stratification – Closed versus Open; Caste System versus Class System

A

closed - accommodate little change in social position (estate, slavery)
open - allows for people to move from one social level to the next (a person of low class may become a member of middle class then elite class by achievement)
caste system - born into it and will remain in that social class their entire life
class system - a person who comes from a wealthy background, has a college education, and holds some level of influence is placed in a higher rank than someone with a blue-collar occupation.

48
Q

Theories relating to Inequality – Structural Functionalism, Symbolic Interactionism, Looking Glass Self, Conflict Theory, Cultural Materialism, Feminism

A

structural functionalism - each of the institutions, relationships, roles, and norms that together constitute a society serves a purpose
symbolic interactionism - meanings attached to human interaction, both verbal and nonverbal and to symbols
looking glass self - individuals base their sense of self on how they believe others view them
conflict theory - society is a constant state of perpetual conflict because of competition for limited resources
cultural materialism - technological and economic aspects play the primary role in shaping society
feminism - advocacy of women’s rights on the basis of equality of the sexes

49
Q

Social Sciences

A

The study and analysis of human behavior and actions

50
Q

Anthropology

A

The study of humankind around the world and throughout time

51
Q

Anthropology:
Physical

A

Studying evolution, genetic inheritance, adaptability, primatology and human evolution

52
Q

Anthropology:Culture

A

-culture
-ethnocentrisms
- communication
-survival
-economic patterns
-social control
-class

53
Q

Archeology

A

Bones, and major trends in evolution, finding, excavating and dating and analyzing material and remains of past societies
Linguistic

54
Q

Antrho: Linguistic

A

Studies the role of language in community, national, and cross cultural interactions. Concerned with the social and cultural factors that underlie people’s use of language to share information and shape cultures and community life.

55
Q

Psychology

A

The study of why and how humans act the way that they do

56
Q

Sociology

A

The study of social life, social change, and the social causes and consequences of human behaviour.

57
Q

Sigmund Freud & Psychoanalysis

A

The mind is responsible for unconscious and conscious decisions (id, ego, super-ego)

58
Q

B.F. Skinner & Operant Conditioning

A

Method of learning that uses rewards and punishments to modify behavior
Punishment and reinforcement

59
Q

Ivan Pavlov & Classical Conditioning

A

Automatic, conditioned response is paired with a specific stimuli

60
Q

Theories of Change – Evolutionary Theory

A

All societies evolve from simple beginnings and over time they become more complex or developed. At the root of this theory, is the idea that societies progress over time

61
Q

Theories of change: Cyclical Theory

A

Societies and civilizations change according to cycles of rise, decline and fall just as individual persons are born, mature, old age and death.

62
Q

Theories of change: Challenge & Response Theory

A

Explains why and how civilizations throughout history have grown and vanished climate change, population growth etc

63
Q

Theories of change: Functionalist Theory

A

The different parts of society are primarily composed of social institutions, each designed to fill different needs.

64
Q

Theories of change: Conflict Theory

A

Opposing groups are in conflict until the more dominant one overpowers the rest

65
Q

Theories of change

A

Evolution theory, cyclical, challenge & response theory, functionalists theory and conflict theory.

66
Q

Microsociology

A

The study of the experiences, roles and interactions of individuals and small groups in society

67
Q

Macrosociology

A

A sociological approach in which groups, social systems and social structures are analyzed on a large scale. They are interested in changes that influence an entire society.

68
Q

Views of adolescence:

A

Margaret Mead,Jean Piaget and Talcott Parsons

69
Q

Views of adolescence:Margaret Mead

A

Believes there is no stage of adolescence and that is a western thing. CUltural influence

70
Q

Views of adolescence::Jean Piaget

A

Children’s intelligence changes as they grow older

71
Q

Views of adolescence:Talcott Parsons:

A

Separation of female and male roles

72
Q

Stanley Hall & Storm and Stress

A

-Transition between emotions
-Extreme swings of behaviour
-Emotional contradiction
-Delayed transition into adulthood to allow them to mature at a slower pace

73
Q

David Elkind

A

Egocentrism: Heightened self awareness and self consciousness
Imaginary Audience: Everyone is focused on you at all times
Personal Fable: Believing nothing bad can happen to you, Star of the show

74
Q

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

A

-Self actualization
-Esteem
-Love and belonging
-Safety needs
-Physiological needs

75
Q

Types of Social Movements

A

Reformative,Revolutionary,Alternative,Redemptive

76
Q

Reformative

A

Aims to effect more limited changes in a society. Organized to carry out reforms in specific areas. The reforms endeavour to change elements of the system for the better.

77
Q

Revolutionary

A

Attempts to change a society totally. The movements are deeply dissatisfied with the social order and work for radical change. They advocate replacing the entire existing structure. One of the mostly successful.

78
Q

Alternative

A

Seeks only limited changed in people.

79
Q

Redemptive

A

Focuses on changing people completely. Fundamentalist religious movements and cults are examples of redemptive movements. When religious movements emphasize conversation, they indicate that they expect a complete individual transformation, a radical inner change

80
Q

Albert Bandura (Bobo doll):

A

The aim of Bandura’s experiment was to demonstrate that if children were witnesses to an aggressive display by an adult they would imitate this aggressive behavior when given the opportunity.

81
Q

Sigmund Freud

A

Id -A person’s desires, it’s so strong at times that it ignores all rationality -Part of the unconscious mind

Ego - The rational one that is the opposite of the ID - Part of the conscious mind

Superego -Balances between the ID and Ego- Floats between conscious and subconscious mind

82
Q

B.F. Skinner: rat

A

Skinner showed how positive reinforcement worked by placing a hungry rat in his Skinner box. The box contained a lever on the side, and as the rat moved about the box, it would accidentally knock the lever. Immediately it did so that a food pellet would drop into a container next to the lever.

83
Q

Ivan Pavlov: dog

A

Experiments with dogs showed that is was possible to get a dog to associate the sound of a bell with the imminent arrival of food

84
Q

Margaret Mead

A

Argued that the storm and stress of teenage years are not inevitable

85
Q

Jean Piaget

A

Argued that teenager are simply figuring things out and challenging ideas with which they do not agree

86
Q

Stanley Hall

A

Came up with the concept of “storm and stress” to describe adolescent behaviour
Suggested that adolescent behaviour is marked by there hey aspects: conflict with parent, mood disruptions, and risky behavior.

87
Q

David Elkind

A

Teenagers believe they are the center of everybody’s focus

88
Q

Jane Elliott

A

Eye colour experiment about racism

89
Q

Leon Festinger

A

Downward comparison :Occurs when an individual compares himself or herself to someone who us worse off

Upward comparison:Occurs when an individual compares himself or herself to someone whos is better off

Competitive emulation:Keeping pace with others, typically neighbours and coworker, in material goods and lifestyle

90
Q

Emile Durkheim

A

Society should be analyzed and described in terms of functions. Society is a system of interrelated parts where no one part can function without the other. These parts make up the whole of society.

91
Q

Stanley Milgram

A

People will likely follow orders, even harmful ones, when instructed by an accepted authority figure.

92
Q

Paul Piff

A

Does money make you mean? When we isolate ourselves from those less fortunate, we run the risk of descending into callous self-absorption

93
Q

Muzafer Sherif

A

Realistic conflict theory:a psychological theory of prejudice that suggests competition for scarce resources as the reason for conflict between groups.

94
Q

Charles Cooley: Looking Glass Self

A

-a person develops their self-image based on the responses of others as well as their perception of how others see and judge them.
1.First, we imagine how we must appear to others.
2.Second, we imagine the judgment of that appearance.
3.Finally, we develop ourselves through the judgments of others.

95
Q

Max Weber: Ideal Types

A

-Social class
-Status
-Power.
An organization with a clearly defined hierarchy, division of labor, and set of rules and regulations.

96
Q

George Gerbner

A

States that the mass media (particularly television) have a preponderant role at the definition of people’s cultural and social values.

97
Q

Antonio Gramsci

A

Intellectuals are defined by their function and role in society. Gramsci distinguishes between two types of intellectuals: traditional and organic.

98
Q

Karl Marx

A

Marxism argues that capitalism as a form of economic and social reproduction is inherently flawed and will ultimately fail.

99
Q

Oppression Types (Faces of Oppression)

A

-Marginalization
-Powerless
-Violence
-Exploitation
-Cultural Imperialism

100
Q

Types of deviance

A

Conflict theory, labeling theory,structural/strain,Differential Association / Social Learning Theory and Control Theory / Social Bond Theory

101
Q

Types of deviance: Control Theory

A

Focuses on a person’s self-control as a way of avoiding deviance
their ability to anticipate and avoid the consequences of their actions.

102
Q

Types of deviance:Differential Association / Social Learning Theory:

A

Argues that who you associate with makes deviance more or less likely.
through interaction with others, individuals learn the values, attitudes, techniques, and motives

103
Q

Types of deviance:structural/strain:

A

How deviance works on a macro scale.
works on the assumption that everyone who does deviant things will be treated as deviant

104
Q

Types of deviance:labeling theory:

A

understands deviance through what’s known as labeling theory
the idea that things like deviance and conformity are not so much a matter of what you do, but how people label it.
Differential association (doesnt focus on labels)
highlight the interpersonal responses to deviance

105
Q

Types of deviance: Conflict theory

A

Links deviance to social power
conflict-theory perspective points out that they are often the most powerless

106
Q

Addiction to Technology

A

Compulsion loop: a cycle of activities that are encouraged to be looped or repeated because of a neurochemical reward (in the form of dopamine) released into your brain.
Grey Matter : enables individuals to control movement, memory, and emotions.
Addiction: when you have a strong physical or psychological need or urge to do something or use something
Dopamine : acts on areas of the brain to give you feelings of pleasure, satisfaction and motivation.

107
Q

Erik Erikson

A

Well known for his theory of psychosocial development. He proposed that individuals go through eight stages of development across their lifespan, each characterized by a unique psychosocial crisis that must be resolved for healthy personality development. These stages range from infancy to old age and focus on different aspects of identity, relationships, and societal expectations.

108
Q

Lawrence Kohlberg:

A

Well known for his theory of moral development. He proposed that individuals progress through stages of moral reasoning, advancing from a focus on self interests to an understanding of universal ethical principles.

109
Q
A

Challenge and Change (2 decks)

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