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General Psychology I > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

A complex protein that is manufactured by cells

A

Enzyme

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2
Q

A basic cell that makes up the nervous system, it receives and sends messages

A

Neuron

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3
Q

What lobe of the brain is responsible for touch, taste, temperature and body position

A

Perietal Lobe

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4
Q

24 hour bodily rhythm

A

Circadian rhythm

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5
Q

Any significant loss of sleep, causing problems in concentration or irritability

A

Sleep Deprivation

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6
Q

Theory that animals evolved sleep patterns to avoid predators by sleeping when predators are most active

A

Adaptive Theory

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7
Q

Condition resulting from damage to Broca’s area (usually in left frontal lobe), causing the affected person to be unable to speak fluently, to mispronounce words, and to speak haltingly

A

Broca’s Aphasia

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8
Q

What are the 3 types of neurons?

A
  1. Sensory Neuron
  2. Motor Neuron
  3. Interneuron
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9
Q

The release of the neural impulse consisting of a reversal of the electrical charge within the axon

A

Axon Potential

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10
Q

What does the Peripheral Nervous System consist of?

A

Autonomic and Somatic

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11
Q

Fatty substances produced by certain glial cells that coat the axons of neurons to insulate, protect, and speed up the neural impulse

A

Myelin

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12
Q

Bundles of axons in the body that travel together through the body

A

Nerves

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13
Q

Brain-imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body to produce detailed images of the brain

A

Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)

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14
Q

Study of neural structures, behavior, and learning

A

Neuroscience

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15
Q

Process by which neurotransmitters are taken back into the synaptic vesicles

A

Reuptake

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16
Q

What lobe of the brain deals with hearing and meaningful speech?

A

Temporal Lobe

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17
Q

Charged particles

A

Ions

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18
Q

The awareness of everything going on inside and outside of you

A

Consciousness

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19
Q

A neuron that carries messages from the senses to the CNS.

A

Sensory Neurons

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20
Q

The state of the neuron when not firing a neural impulse

A

Resting potential

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21
Q

Milder electrical current used to stimulate neural activity in the brain

A

Electrical stimulation of the brain

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22
Q

Referring to the fact that a neuron either fires completely or does not fire at all

A

All-or-none

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23
Q

Chemical found in the synaptic vesicles which, when released, has an effect on the next cell

A

Neurotransmitters

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24
Q

Holes in the surface of the dendrites or certain cells of the muscles and glands, which are shaped to fit only certain neurotransmitters

A

Receptor Sites

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25
Q

What does the Central Nervous System consist of?

A

The brain and spinal cord

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26
Q

What controls involuntary muscles?

A

Autonomic

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27
Q

What 4 things do Glial Cells do?

A
  • Provide support for the neurons to grow on and around
  • Deliver nutrients to neurons
  • Produce myelin to coat axons
  • Clean up waste products and dead neurons
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28
Q

Tunnel through which damaged nerve fibers can repair themselves

A

Neurilemma

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29
Q

What is the charge on an inside neuron?

A

Negative

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30
Q

A branch-like structure that receives messages from other neurons

A

Dendrites

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31
Q

Bundle of neurons that carries information from the CNS to the muscles

A

Spinal Cord

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32
Q

Carries information to and from all parts of the body

A

The Nervous System

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33
Q

What lobe of the brain deals with fluent speech?

A

Frontal Lobe

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34
Q

Tiny section of the brain that influences glandular system

A

Hypothalamus

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35
Q

Brain-imaging method using computer controlled x-rays of the brain

A

Computed Tomography (CT)

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36
Q

Brief sidesteps into sleep lasting only a few seconds

A

Microsleeps

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37
Q

Internal clock that tells you when to wake up and fall asleep

A

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

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38
Q

This is the cell body. It maintains the life of the cell.

A

Soma

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39
Q

Rounded areas on the end of axon terminals

A

Synaptic Vessicles

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40
Q

A neuron that carries messages from the CNS to the muscles

A

Motor Neuron

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41
Q

Grey fatty cells

A

Glial cells

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42
Q

What controls voluntary muscles?

A

Somatic

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43
Q

What is the charge on an outside neuron?

A

Positive

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44
Q

Thick band of neurons that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres

A

Corpus Collosum

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45
Q

The wrinkled outermost covering of the brain

A

Cortex

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46
Q

Machine designed to record the brain wave patterns produced by electrical activity of the surface of the brain

A

Electroencephalograph (EEG)

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47
Q

Microscopic fluid-filled space between the rounded areas on the end of the axon terminals of one cell and the dendrites or surface of the next cell

A

Synapse/ Synaptic gap

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48
Q

Electrical current used to destroy brain cells

A

Deep Lesioning

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49
Q

A neuron found in the center of the spinal cord that receives messages from the senses and sends it to the muscles

A

Interneuron

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50
Q

Long tubular structure that sends messages to other cells

A

Axon

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51
Q

Brain-imaging method in which a radioactive sugar is injected into the subject and a computer compiles a color-coded image of the activity of the brain with lighter colors indicating more activity

A

Positron Emission Tomography (PET)

52
Q

What lobe of the brain is the vision center?

A

Occipital

53
Q

Theory that sleep is necessary to the body’s physical health and serves to replenish chemicals and repair cellular damage

A

Restorative Theory

54
Q

Brain waves that indicate a state of relaxation or light sleep

A

Alpha Waves

55
Q

This is anything that is not a primary reinforcer

A

Secondary Reinforcer

56
Q

Wrinkling of the brain

A

Corticalization

57
Q

Mental activity that goes on in the brain when a person is organizing and attempting to understand information, and communicating information to other people

A

Thinking (Cognition)

58
Q

Very specific, step by step procedure for solving certain types of problems

A

Algorithums

59
Q

— of human thought processes has yet to be developed in a machine

A

True Flexibility

60
Q

What is the equation of an IQ test?

A

Mental age divided by chronological age times 100

61
Q

Sudden perception of a solution to a problem

A

Insight

62
Q

What are the 4 lobes of the brain?

A
  1. Occipital Lobe
  2. Parietal Lobe
  3. Temporal Lobe
  4. Frontal Lobe
63
Q

Brain waves that indicate mental activity.

A

Beta Waves

64
Q

The two sections of the cortex on the left and right sides of the brain

A

Central Hemispheres

65
Q

Computer makes a sort of “movie” of changes in the activity of the brain using images from different time periods

A

Functional MRI

66
Q

Brain waves that indicate the deepest stage of sleep

A

Delta waves

67
Q

Vivid visual events or hallucinations

A

Hypnagogic Images

68
Q

Moving or walking around during deep sleep

A

Sleepwalking

69
Q

The addition of a pleasurable stimulus.

A

Positive Reinforcement

70
Q

Eyes moving under eyelids, 90% of dreaming

A

Rapid Eye Movement (REM)

71
Q

The removal of pleasurable stimulus

A

Punishment by Removal

72
Q

What is another word for thinking?

A

Cognition

73
Q

What are the basic biological needs?

A
  1. Food
  2. Water
  3. Touch
74
Q

Events that occur during waking hours that may influence our dreams

A

Activation Information Mode Model

75
Q

An educated guess based on prior experiences that helps narrow down the possible solutions for a problem

A

Heuristic

76
Q

Removal, escape, or avoidance of an aversive stimulus

A

Negative Reinforcement

77
Q

The relaxation as one drifts into sleep creates a “falling” sensation, at which point the body wakes up to prevent the sudden “fall”

A

Hypnic Jerk

78
Q

Person stops breathing for half minute or more during sleep

A

Sleep Apnea

79
Q

Brain waves that indicate the early stages of sleep

A

Theta Waves

80
Q

Sudden loss of muscle tone

A

Cataplexy

81
Q

Meeting a basic biological need

A

Primary Reinforcer

82
Q

State of consciousness when one is especially susceptible to suggestion

A

Hypnosis

83
Q

Learning new behavior by watching a model behave

A

Observational Learning

84
Q

A reflexive response by watching the reaction of another person

A

Vicarious Conditioning

85
Q

Person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day without warning

A

Narcolepsy

86
Q

Reaction to a conditioned stimulus

A

Conditioned Response (CR)

87
Q

Bad dreams arousing feelings of horror, helplessness, extreme sorrow, etc.

A

Nightmare

88
Q

Degree to which a person is a good hypnotic subject

A

Hypnotic Susceptibility

89
Q

What is also known as “rule of thumb”

A

Heuristic

90
Q

Reaction to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus

A

Unconditioned Response

91
Q

Process of cognition that occurs when a goal must be reached by thinking and behaving in certain ways

A

Problem-solving

92
Q

Increased amounts of REM sleep after being deprived of REM sleep on earlier nights

A

REM Rebound

93
Q

What are the 3 punishment problems?

A
  1. Severe Punishment, fear and anxiety
  2. Severe punishment and avoidance
  3. Modeling of aggression
94
Q

Hypnotized people not in altered state but are playing a situation role expected of them

A

Social-Cognitive Theory

95
Q

The reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired, more complex behavior

A

Shaping

96
Q

The development of nausea to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nauseous reaction

A

Taste Aversion

97
Q

Extreme panic and terror in one’s sleep

A

Night Terrors

98
Q

Russian physiologist that discovered classical conditioning

A

Pavlov

99
Q

Causes a learned voluntary response

A

Conditioned Stimulus

100
Q

Any consequence that makes a response more likely

A

Reinforcement

101
Q

Voluntary behavior learned through consequences

A

Operant Conditioning

102
Q

Tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures

A

Learned Helplessness

103
Q

Another name for trial and error

A

Mechanical Solution

104
Q

Any consequence that makes a response less likely

A

Punishment

105
Q

How long does the sleep-cycle last?

A

Approx. 90 min.

106
Q

Relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience

A

Learning

107
Q

“Father of Operant Conditioning”

A

B. F. Skinner

108
Q

Emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli

A

Conditioned Emotional Response

109
Q

Inability to get sleep, stay asleep, or get good quality sleep

A

Insomnia

110
Q

Problem-solving method in which one possible solution after another is tried until a successful one is found

A

Trial and Error (Mechanical Solution)

111
Q

Addition of unpleasant stimulus

A

Punishment by Application

112
Q

Causes and involuntary response

A

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

113
Q

A rare disorder in which the mechanism that blocks the movement of the voluntary muscles fails, allowing the person to thrash around and even get up and act out nightmares

A

REM Behavior Disorder

114
Q

What is the average IQ for teens?

A

90-110

115
Q

The ability to learn from one’s experiences, acquire knowledge, and use resources effectively in adapting to new situations or solving problems

A

Intelligence

116
Q

The tendency of a test to produce the same scores again and again, each time it is given to the same people

A

Reliability

117
Q

The two percent of the population falling on the upper end of the normal curve

A

Gifted

118
Q

What is the IQ of a superior person?

A

120-130

119
Q

Creation of a machine that can act like a human

A

Artificial Intelligence

120
Q

The degree to which a test actually measures what its supposed to measure

A

Validity

121
Q

What is the IQ range of a gifted person?

A

130 and above

122
Q

A person’s behavioral and cognitive skills exist at an earlier developmental stage than the skills of others who are the same chronological age

A

Developmentally Delayed

123
Q

What is the IQ of a bright person?

A

110-120

124
Q

What are the 4 different levels of delay? What is the IQ range of each?

A
  1. Mild (55-70 IQ)
  2. Moderate (40-55 IQ)
  3. Severe (25-40 IQ)
  4. Profound (Below 25 IQ)
125
Q

The process of giving the test to a large group of people that represents the kind of people for when the test is designed

A

Standardization

126
Q

What is Broca’s Aphasia?

A

Condition resulting from damage to Broca’s area (usually in left frontal lobe), causing the affected person to be unable to speak fluently, to mispronounce words, and to speak haltingly

127
Q

What is the function of Myelin?

A

To insulate, protect, and speed up the neural impulse

General Psychology I (2 decks)

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