Final Exam Flashcards
A complex protein that is manufactured by cells
Enzyme
A basic cell that makes up the nervous system, it receives and sends messages
Neuron
What lobe of the brain is responsible for touch, taste, temperature and body position
Perietal Lobe
24 hour bodily rhythm
Circadian rhythm
Any significant loss of sleep, causing problems in concentration or irritability
Sleep Deprivation
Theory that animals evolved sleep patterns to avoid predators by sleeping when predators are most active
Adaptive Theory
Condition resulting from damage to Broca’s area (usually in left frontal lobe), causing the affected person to be unable to speak fluently, to mispronounce words, and to speak haltingly
Broca’s Aphasia
What are the 3 types of neurons?
- Sensory Neuron
- Motor Neuron
- Interneuron
The release of the neural impulse consisting of a reversal of the electrical charge within the axon
Axon Potential
What does the Peripheral Nervous System consist of?
Autonomic and Somatic
Fatty substances produced by certain glial cells that coat the axons of neurons to insulate, protect, and speed up the neural impulse
Myelin
Bundles of axons in the body that travel together through the body
Nerves
Brain-imaging method using radio waves and magnetic fields of the body to produce detailed images of the brain
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Study of neural structures, behavior, and learning
Neuroscience
Process by which neurotransmitters are taken back into the synaptic vesicles
Reuptake
What lobe of the brain deals with hearing and meaningful speech?
Temporal Lobe
Charged particles
Ions
The awareness of everything going on inside and outside of you
Consciousness
A neuron that carries messages from the senses to the CNS.
Sensory Neurons
The state of the neuron when not firing a neural impulse
Resting potential
Milder electrical current used to stimulate neural activity in the brain
Electrical stimulation of the brain
Referring to the fact that a neuron either fires completely or does not fire at all
All-or-none
Chemical found in the synaptic vesicles which, when released, has an effect on the next cell
Neurotransmitters
Holes in the surface of the dendrites or certain cells of the muscles and glands, which are shaped to fit only certain neurotransmitters
Receptor Sites
What does the Central Nervous System consist of?
The brain and spinal cord
What controls involuntary muscles?
Autonomic
What 4 things do Glial Cells do?
- Provide support for the neurons to grow on and around
- Deliver nutrients to neurons
- Produce myelin to coat axons
- Clean up waste products and dead neurons
Tunnel through which damaged nerve fibers can repair themselves
Neurilemma
What is the charge on an inside neuron?
Negative
A branch-like structure that receives messages from other neurons
Dendrites
Bundle of neurons that carries information from the CNS to the muscles
Spinal Cord
Carries information to and from all parts of the body
The Nervous System
What lobe of the brain deals with fluent speech?
Frontal Lobe
Tiny section of the brain that influences glandular system
Hypothalamus
Brain-imaging method using computer controlled x-rays of the brain
Computed Tomography (CT)
Brief sidesteps into sleep lasting only a few seconds
Microsleeps
Internal clock that tells you when to wake up and fall asleep
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus
This is the cell body. It maintains the life of the cell.
Soma
Rounded areas on the end of axon terminals
Synaptic Vessicles
A neuron that carries messages from the CNS to the muscles
Motor Neuron
Grey fatty cells
Glial cells
What controls voluntary muscles?
Somatic
What is the charge on an outside neuron?
Positive
Thick band of neurons that connects the right and left cerebral hemispheres
Corpus Collosum
The wrinkled outermost covering of the brain
Cortex
Machine designed to record the brain wave patterns produced by electrical activity of the surface of the brain
Electroencephalograph (EEG)
Microscopic fluid-filled space between the rounded areas on the end of the axon terminals of one cell and the dendrites or surface of the next cell
Synapse/ Synaptic gap
Electrical current used to destroy brain cells
Deep Lesioning
A neuron found in the center of the spinal cord that receives messages from the senses and sends it to the muscles
Interneuron
Long tubular structure that sends messages to other cells
Axon
Brain-imaging method in which a radioactive sugar is injected into the subject and a computer compiles a color-coded image of the activity of the brain with lighter colors indicating more activity
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
What lobe of the brain is the vision center?
Occipital
Theory that sleep is necessary to the body’s physical health and serves to replenish chemicals and repair cellular damage
Restorative Theory
Brain waves that indicate a state of relaxation or light sleep
Alpha Waves
This is anything that is not a primary reinforcer
Secondary Reinforcer
Wrinkling of the brain
Corticalization
Mental activity that goes on in the brain when a person is organizing and attempting to understand information, and communicating information to other people
Thinking (Cognition)
Very specific, step by step procedure for solving certain types of problems
Algorithums
— of human thought processes has yet to be developed in a machine
True Flexibility
What is the equation of an IQ test?
Mental age divided by chronological age times 100
Sudden perception of a solution to a problem
Insight
What are the 4 lobes of the brain?
- Occipital Lobe
- Parietal Lobe
- Temporal Lobe
- Frontal Lobe
Brain waves that indicate mental activity.
Beta Waves
The two sections of the cortex on the left and right sides of the brain
Central Hemispheres
Computer makes a sort of “movie” of changes in the activity of the brain using images from different time periods
Functional MRI
Brain waves that indicate the deepest stage of sleep
Delta waves
Vivid visual events or hallucinations
Hypnagogic Images
Moving or walking around during deep sleep
Sleepwalking
The addition of a pleasurable stimulus.
Positive Reinforcement
Eyes moving under eyelids, 90% of dreaming
Rapid Eye Movement (REM)
The removal of pleasurable stimulus
Punishment by Removal
What is another word for thinking?
Cognition
What are the basic biological needs?
- Food
- Water
- Touch
Events that occur during waking hours that may influence our dreams
Activation Information Mode Model
An educated guess based on prior experiences that helps narrow down the possible solutions for a problem
Heuristic
Removal, escape, or avoidance of an aversive stimulus
Negative Reinforcement
The relaxation as one drifts into sleep creates a “falling” sensation, at which point the body wakes up to prevent the sudden “fall”
Hypnic Jerk
Person stops breathing for half minute or more during sleep
Sleep Apnea
Brain waves that indicate the early stages of sleep
Theta Waves
Sudden loss of muscle tone
Cataplexy
Meeting a basic biological need
Primary Reinforcer
State of consciousness when one is especially susceptible to suggestion
Hypnosis
Learning new behavior by watching a model behave
Observational Learning
A reflexive response by watching the reaction of another person
Vicarious Conditioning
Person falls immediately into REM sleep during the day without warning
Narcolepsy
Reaction to a conditioned stimulus
Conditioned Response (CR)
Bad dreams arousing feelings of horror, helplessness, extreme sorrow, etc.
Nightmare
Degree to which a person is a good hypnotic subject
Hypnotic Susceptibility
What is also known as “rule of thumb”
Heuristic
Reaction to a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned Response
Process of cognition that occurs when a goal must be reached by thinking and behaving in certain ways
Problem-solving
Increased amounts of REM sleep after being deprived of REM sleep on earlier nights
REM Rebound
What are the 3 punishment problems?
- Severe Punishment, fear and anxiety
- Severe punishment and avoidance
- Modeling of aggression
Hypnotized people not in altered state but are playing a situation role expected of them
Social-Cognitive Theory
The reinforcement of simple steps in behavior that lead to a desired, more complex behavior
Shaping
The development of nausea to a particular taste because that taste was followed by a nauseous reaction
Taste Aversion
Extreme panic and terror in one’s sleep
Night Terrors
Russian physiologist that discovered classical conditioning
Pavlov
Causes a learned voluntary response
Conditioned Stimulus
Any consequence that makes a response more likely
Reinforcement
Voluntary behavior learned through consequences
Operant Conditioning
Tendency to fail to act to escape from a situation because of a history of repeated failures
Learned Helplessness
Another name for trial and error
Mechanical Solution
Any consequence that makes a response less likely
Punishment
How long does the sleep-cycle last?
Approx. 90 min.
Relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience
Learning
“Father of Operant Conditioning”
B. F. Skinner
Emotional response that has become classically conditioned to occur to learned stimuli
Conditioned Emotional Response
Inability to get sleep, stay asleep, or get good quality sleep
Insomnia
Problem-solving method in which one possible solution after another is tried until a successful one is found
Trial and Error (Mechanical Solution)
Addition of unpleasant stimulus
Punishment by Application
Causes and involuntary response
Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)
A rare disorder in which the mechanism that blocks the movement of the voluntary muscles fails, allowing the person to thrash around and even get up and act out nightmares
REM Behavior Disorder
What is the average IQ for teens?
90-110
The ability to learn from one’s experiences, acquire knowledge, and use resources effectively in adapting to new situations or solving problems
Intelligence
The tendency of a test to produce the same scores again and again, each time it is given to the same people
Reliability
The two percent of the population falling on the upper end of the normal curve
Gifted
What is the IQ of a superior person?
120-130
Creation of a machine that can act like a human
Artificial Intelligence
The degree to which a test actually measures what its supposed to measure
Validity
What is the IQ range of a gifted person?
130 and above
A person’s behavioral and cognitive skills exist at an earlier developmental stage than the skills of others who are the same chronological age
Developmentally Delayed
What is the IQ of a bright person?
110-120
What are the 4 different levels of delay? What is the IQ range of each?
- Mild (55-70 IQ)
- Moderate (40-55 IQ)
- Severe (25-40 IQ)
- Profound (Below 25 IQ)
The process of giving the test to a large group of people that represents the kind of people for when the test is designed
Standardization
What is Broca’s Aphasia?
Condition resulting from damage to Broca’s area (usually in left frontal lobe), causing the affected person to be unable to speak fluently, to mispronounce words, and to speak haltingly
What is the function of Myelin?
To insulate, protect, and speed up the neural impulse
