Chapters 7 & 8 Flashcards
Problem-solving method in which one possible method after another is tried until a successful one is found
Trial and error (mechanical solution)
Creation of a machine that can act like a human
Artificial Intelligence
What is the IQ range of a bright person?
110-120
What is the equation for an IQ test?
Mental age divided by chronological age times one hundred
The tendency of a test to produce the same scores again and again each time it is given to the same people
Reliability
The 2 percent of the population falling on the upper end of the normal curve and typically possessing an IQ of 130 or above
Gifted
Very specific, step by step procedure for solving certain types of problems
Algorithums
Study of changes in people from conception until death
Human development
The ability to learn from one’s experiences, acquire knowledge, and use resources effectively in adapting to new situations or solving problems
Intelligence
What are the 9 multiple intelligences?
- Verbal Linguistic
- Musical
- Logical/ mathematical
- Verbal/ spatial
- Movement
- Interpersonal
- Intrapersonal
- Naturalist
- Existentialist
What is another word for thinking?
Cognition
A person’s behavioral and cognitive skills exist at an earlier developmental stage than the skills of others who are the same chronological age
Developmentally delayed
What is the average IQ for teens?
90-110
The degree to which a test actually measures what it’s supposed to measure
Validity
Process of cognition that occurs when a goal must be reached by thinking and behaving certain ways
Problem-solving
The theory that genes effect human development
Nature
A gene that only influences the expression of the trait when paired with an identical gene
Recessive Gene
What of human thought processes has yet to be developed in a machine?
True flexibility
A different group of participants are studied at one time
Cross Sectional Design
Mental activity that goes on in the brain when a person is organizing and attempting to understand information, and communicating information to others.
Thinking (cognition)
The process of giving the test to a large group of people that represents the kind of people for when the test is designed
Standardization
What is the average IQ for superior people?
120-130
An educated guess based on prior experiences that helps narrow down the possible solutions for a problem. Also known as a “rule of thumb”
Heuristic
Molecule containing organism’s genetic material
DNA
Where a participant or group of participants are studied over a long period of time
Longitudinal design
The theory that parenting and the environment affect human development
Nurture
Sudden perception of a solution to a problem
Insight
First two weeks after fertilization, during which the zygote moves down to the uterus
Germinal Period
Section of DNA having some arrangement of chemical elements
Gene
Uniting of egg and sperm
Fertilization
What are the 5 infant reflexes?
- Grasping
- Moro startle
- Rooting
- Stepping
- Sucking
Science of inherited traits
Genetics
Cell resulting from egg-cell union
Zygote
What is an ovum?
Egg
A gene that actively controls the expression of the trait
Dominant Gene
Any factor that can cause a birth defect
Teratogen
Name for the developing organism from eight weeks after fertilization to the birth of the baby
Fetus
Two to eight weeks after fertilization, during which the major organs and structures of the organism develop
Embryonic Period
2 eggs, 2 sperm, 2 different babies
Dizygotic
Moment pregnancy begins
Conception
The time from about eight weeks after conception until the birth of the child
Fetal Period
The development of thinking, problem-solving, and memory
Cognitive Development
Times during which contain environmental influences. Can have an impact on the development of an infant
Critical Periods
What are the four critical areas of adjustment for the newborn?
- Respiration
- Digestion
- Circulation
- Temperature regulation
What are the 5 motor milestones?
- Raising Head
- Rolling Over
- Sitting Up
- Crawling
- Walking
In Piaget’s stage theory, what stage is it when the infant uses its senses and motor abilities to interact with objects in the environment?
Sensorimotor Stage
In Piaget’s stage theory, what stage is it when the adolescent becomes capable of abstract thinking?
Formal Operations
The tendency of a young child to focus only on one feature of an object while ignoring other relevant features
Centration
Out of the attachment styles, which one is unattached; explore without “touching base?”
Avoidant Attachment
In Piaget’s stage theory, what stage is it when the preschool child learns to use language as a means of exploring the world?
Preoperational Stage
In the stages of language development, what stage is it when the baby uses simple sentences?
Telegraphic Speech
Out of the attachment styles, which one is willing to explore, upset when mother departs but easily soothed upon her return?
Secure Attachment
The knowledge that an object exists even when it is not in sight
Objective Permanence
In the stages of language development, what stage is around 6 months of age?
Babbling
In the stages of language development, what stage is it when the baby says only one word?
One-word speech (Holophrases)
In Piaget’s stage theory, what stage is it when the school-age child becomes capable of logical thought processes but is not yet capable of abstract thinking?
Concrete Operations Stage
Out of the attachment styles, which one is insecurely attached; upset when mother leaves and then angry with mother upon her return?
Ambivalant Attachment
In the stages of language development, what stage is around the age of 3?
Whole Sentences
The ability to understand that simply changing the appearance of an object does not change the object’s nature
Conservation
Bond between infant and caregiver?
Attachment
In the stages of language development, what stage is it when the baby eewws or ahhs?
Cooing Stage
Out of the attachment styles, which one is insecurely attached and sometimes abused or neglected; seems fearful, dazed, and depressed?
Disorganized Attachment
The inability to see the world through anyone else’ eyes
Egocentrism
In the stages of language development, what stage is before the age of 1?
One-word Speech (Holophrases)
Behavioral characteristics established at birth
Temperament
The inability of the young child to mentally reverse an action
Irreversability
