Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

how much CO2 is absorbed by the oceans?

A

roughly 50% wooooahhhh

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2
Q

what does the decreasing ocean ph cause?

A

Carbonic acid (H2O + CO2 = H2CO3)

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3
Q

Carbonate (CO3)

A

Ions in the ocean that Pteropods use to make their chalky shells out of calcium carbonate

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4
Q

Calcium carbonate

A

comes in calcite and aragonite forms, is dissolved by the positive hydrogen atoms present due to carbonic acid

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5
Q

Where do most corals live?

A

The DEEEP sea

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6
Q

Which water is acidifying faster?

A

Cold water since it contains more gas

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7
Q

Where is the ocean becoming more acidic?

A

Closer to the poles due to the colder water in the oceans of those areas.

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8
Q

Acidification of the arctic ocean

A

between 1990 and 2010 the depth of acidified surface water nearly tripled

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9
Q

Where is at a special risk of acidification?

A

Costal upwelling zones

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10
Q

positive vs. negative feedback loop

A

positive- accumulation that leads to extremes
negative- changes cancel each other out

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11
Q

Snowball earth hypothesis

A

2 are thought to have occurred 600-800 million years ago, each one lasted about 10 million years ago.

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12
Q

Drop-stones

A

pebbles and boulders in former ocean mud. Dropped by dirty icebergs

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13
Q

Albedo for water and ice

A

water- 12%
Ice- 50-80%

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14
Q

Cap carbonates

A

marine rocks rich in calcium carbonate such as limestone, these tend to form under warm conditions.

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15
Q

Hypothesis on the end of snowball

A

Carbon dioxide build up from volcanoes melting up or released from under the sea.

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16
Q

Slushball

A

Snowball theory but with open water around the equator

17
Q

Venus syndrome

A

Venus (97% CO2 atmosphere), not actually possible unless we put out 10 the amount of CO2 than that already exists on our planet.

18
Q

Glacial-interglacial cycles

A

as recorded in ice cores and ocean sediment cores
glacial- 50-100,000 years
interglacial- about 10,000 years

19
Q

We live in the?

A

Holocene Interglacial (11,700 years)

20
Q

The last interglacial was?

A

Eemian interglacial (125,000-75,000 years ago)

21
Q

European Eemian summers

A

were about 1-3 degree c warmer (caused by slow Milankovitch cycles), but CO2 levels were lower

22
Q

Warmer northern summers caused…

A

a bit more CO2 to be released due to the decay of melting permafrost

23
Q

PETM

A

Paleocene-eocene thermal maximum (56 million years ago)

24
Q

Forams

A

Tiny marine amoebas with chalky

25
Undersea eruptions
Produce CO2 and burn up organic-rich deposits creating more CO2
26
How tall would sea levels have been without polar ice sheets?
230 feet higher
27
What was found on fossil leaves during the PETM period?
Insect damage
28
Bee numbers
Male Annual: R- 0.531, P-0.001777, Female Annual: R- -0.712, P-0.000628
29
how many CO2 molecules contain fossil fuel carbon
1 in 8
30
How much CO2 will be stranded in the atmosphere?
about 1/5
31
What does carbonic acid do to rocks and minerals
Chemical weathering
32
When will we run out?
Coal- 114 Gas- 53 Oil- 51