Exam 2

Question 1

How do we know it’s from fossil fuels

Answer 1

Combustion Reactions

Question 2

Burning carbon dioxide

Answer 2

uses up oxygen, CO2 increases and O2 decreases

Question 3

How we know (O2)

Answer 3

Ralph Keeling and others have been measuring O2 decline and CO2 rising

Question 4

Origins of oil and gas (i.e. methane)

Answer 4

marine organisms, heat and pressure created oil or petroleum (natural gas can form here and from coal)

Question 5

Former ocean muds can become

Answer 5

Shale, which is full of natural gas and can contain petroleum.

Question 6

Another source of natural gas in ocean and permafrost deposits

Answer 6

Methane hydrates

Question 7

Origin of coal

Answer 7

plants who died long ago

Question 8

We are turning solid and liquid carbon into…

Answer 8

gas which some makes it into space and some builds up in the atmosphere

Question 9

Suess effect

Answer 9

increase of c12 and decrease of c13 due to burning fossil fuels

Question 10

Milankovitch Cycles

Answer 10

Eccentricity- we get less energy in northern summer (happens every 100,000 years) we are cooler since we are further away from the sun. Tilt- cooler temps from tilting away from the sun (happens every 41,000 years). Wobble- Effects seasons based on angle (happens every 20,000 years)

Question 11

How to make an ice age

Answer 11

Triple Cooling (all three cycles cooling at once) Snow isn’t fully melted and accumulates forming ice.

Question 12

Warm years between ice ages

Answer 12

Interglacial

Question 13

IPCC finding 1

Answer 13

It is certain that global temperatures has increased since the 1800s

Question 14

LIA

Answer 14

Little Ice Age was generally cooler period of time about 600 to 200 years ago. Europe and North America

Question 15

MCA

Answer 15

Medieval Climate Anomaly was a generally warmer period about 1200 to 600 years ago

Question 16

Hockey Stick

Answer 16

Michael Mann, temp records from the last 1000 years from tree rings.

Question 17

Sunspots

Answer 17

Displays of activity from the sun usually follow a cycle of 11 years.

Question 18

Solar Maximum

Answer 18

When the suns activity is at its peak every 11 years, has ties to heavy rainfall in areas such as africa

Question 19

El Nino

Answer 19

every 3-7 years the easterly winds over Peru and Ecuador weaken and it becomes much rainier

Question 20

Tropical easterly winds

Answer 20

blow sea water away from the coast of south america

Question 21

Coastal upwelling

Answer 21

Warm water is pushed away from the coast and cold water rises from the deep

Question 22

GCM

Answer 22

Global Climate Model, it can combine many processes to simulate a global climate system. Atmosphere, oceans, land, cryosphere.

Question 23

CMIP5

Answer 23

Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 5. A model based on an atmospheric model combined with an ocean model.

Question 24

Temp vs Precip

Answer 24

Temperature is easier to model than precipitation.

Question 25

Down-Scaling Models

Answer 25

Define certain regions or areas for more specified results

Question 26

Coarser grids

Answer 26

fewer points to calculate, but also less detail.

Question 27

Future Scenarios

Answer 27

A2- Burn it all (extreme warming) (6-11f) (4-6 inches precip), B- don't burn it (least warming) (1-6f) (little to no precip change)

Question 28

Green Sahara

Answer 28

10,000-6,000 years ago, warmer climate with stronger monsoons

Question 29

Greenland Ice Sheet

Answer 29

Central ice is about 2 miles thick, temps at the peak during summer are about -14f.

Question 30

Reasons for GIC melt

Answer 30

ocean current change, sea level rise, warmer air, meltwater.

Question 31

Equilibrium Surface

Answer 31

Level where ice melts on an ice sheet and where it doesn't

Question 32

Moulin

Answer 32

A shaft that drains water down into an ice sheet

Question 33

Melt time for GIS

Answer 33

Decade (0.05%), Century (0.5%), Thousand (5%)

Question 34

Arctic Sea Ice

Answer 34

Area melting since 1970s, melting due to global warming, less albedo, changing ocean currents and winds.

Question 35

Albedo

Answer 35

how much sunlight is reflected by the ice

Question 36

Satellites

Answer 36

they can measure sea levels globally with extreme precision.

Question 37

Long-term factors (sea level)

Answer 37

melting ice and thermal expansion (roughly equal)

Question 38

Sea level rise yearly

Answer 38

3-4mm

Question 39

Rise since 1900

Answer 39

19 cm

Question 40

Rise by end of century

Answer 40

0.5-1 m

Question 41

Periodic rises in level

Answer 41

Storm Surge BABBYYYYY

Question 42

Changes (elevation)

Answer 42

Some places (ports) dropping (due to soil base, infrastructure and removal of natural gasses), others rising

Question 43

Options

Answer 43

Adaptation, Denial, Euphemism, Dam it

Question 44

Hydro Power

Answer 44

Water turns turbines which converts potential energy into mechanical energy. Turbines turns generators turning mechanical into electricity, transformers make the electricity suitable for distance travel.

Question 45

Solar Power

Answer 45

Conversion of energy from sun rays to chemical or thermal energy. Energy from the sun is absorbed PV (photovoltaic) cells in the panel. Energy creates electrical charges that move in response to an internal electrical field in the cell, then the energy is moved to the population.

Question 46

Wind Power

Answer 46

Generation of electricity utilizing the kinetic energy from the wind, turbine blades spin by the wind which causes the mil to spin, the mil uses the force of the wind on a rotor which spins a generator.

Question 47

Geothermal Power

Answer 47

Dry steam- steam powers the turbine then into a condenser, Flash steam- hot water is depressurized (flashed) into steam to power a turbine, Binary cycle- Water used to heat a low steam-point liquid (isobutane) to produce steam for a turbine