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Climate Change > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How do we know it’s from fossil fuels

A

Combustion Reactions

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2
Q

Burning carbon dioxide

A

uses up oxygen, CO2 increases and O2 decreases

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3
Q

How we know (O2)

A

Ralph Keeling and others have been measuring O2 decline and CO2 rising

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4
Q

Origins of oil and gas (i.e. methane)

A

marine organisms, heat and pressure created oil or petroleum (natural gas can form here and from coal)

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5
Q

Former ocean muds can become

A

Shale, which is full of natural gas and can contain petroleum.

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6
Q

Another source of natural gas in ocean and permafrost deposits

A

Methane hydrates

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7
Q

Origin of coal

A

plants who died long ago

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8
Q

We are turning solid and liquid carbon into…

A

gas which some makes it into space and some builds up in the atmosphere

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9
Q

Suess effect

A

increase of c12 and decrease of c13 due to burning fossil fuels

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10
Q

Milankovitch Cycles

A

Eccentricity- we get less energy in northern summer (happens every 100,000 years) we are cooler since we are further away from the sun. Tilt- cooler temps from tilting away from the sun (happens every 41,000 years). Wobble- Effects seasons based on angle (happens every 20,000 years)

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11
Q

How to make an ice age

A

Triple Cooling (all three cycles cooling at once) Snow isn’t fully melted and accumulates forming ice.

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12
Q

Warm years between ice ages

A

Interglacial

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13
Q

IPCC finding 1

A

It is certain that global temperatures has increased since the 1800s

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14
Q

LIA

A

Little Ice Age was generally cooler period of time about 600 to 200 years ago. Europe and North America

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15
Q

MCA

A

Medieval Climate Anomaly was a generally warmer period about 1200 to 600 years ago

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16
Q

Hockey Stick

A

Michael Mann, temp records from the last 1000 years from tree rings.

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17
Q

Sunspots

A

Displays of activity from the sun usually follow a cycle of 11 years.

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18
Q

Solar Maximum

A

When the suns activity is at its peak every 11 years, has ties to heavy rainfall in areas such as africa

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19
Q

El Nino

A

every 3-7 years the easterly winds over Peru and Ecuador weaken and it becomes much rainier

20
Q

Tropical easterly winds

A

blow sea water away from the coast of south america

21
Q

Coastal upwelling

A

Warm water is pushed away from the coast and cold water rises from the deep

22
Q

GCM

A

Global Climate Model, it can combine many processes to simulate a global climate system. Atmosphere, oceans, land, cryosphere.

23
Q

CMIP5

A

Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 5. A model based on an atmospheric model combined with an ocean model.

24
Q

Temp vs Precip

A

Temperature is easier to model than precipitation.

25
Q

Down-Scaling Models

A

Define certain regions or areas for more specified results

26
Q

Coarser grids

A

fewer points to calculate, but also less detail.

27
Q

Future Scenarios

A

A2- Burn it all (extreme warming) (6-11f) (4-6 inches precip), B- don’t burn it (least warming) (1-6f) (little to no precip change)

28
Q

Green Sahara

A

10,000-6,000 years ago, warmer climate with stronger monsoons

29
Q

Greenland Ice Sheet

A

Central ice is about 2 miles thick, temps at the peak during summer are about -14f.

30
Q

Reasons for GIC melt

A

ocean current change, sea level rise, warmer air, meltwater.

31
Q

Equilibrium Surface

A

Level where ice melts on an ice sheet and where it doesn’t

32
Q

Moulin

A

A shaft that drains water down into an ice sheet

33
Q

Melt time for GIS

A

Decade (0.05%), Century (0.5%), Thousand (5%)

34
Q

Arctic Sea Ice

A

Area melting since 1970s, melting due to global warming, less albedo, changing ocean currents and winds.

35
Q

Albedo

A

how much sunlight is reflected by the ice

36
Q

Satellites

A

they can measure sea levels globally with extreme precision.

37
Q

Long-term factors (sea level)

A

melting ice and thermal expansion (roughly equal)

38
Q

Sea level rise yearly

A

3-4mm

39
Q

Rise since 1900

A

19 cm

40
Q

Rise by end of century

A

0.5-1 m

41
Q

Periodic rises in level

A

Storm Surge BABBYYYYY

42
Q

Changes (elevation)

A

Some places (ports) dropping (due to soil base, infrastructure and removal of natural gasses), others rising

43
Q

Options

A

Adaptation, Denial, Euphemism, Dam it

44
Q

Hydro Power

A

Water turns turbines which converts potential energy into mechanical energy. Turbines turns generators turning mechanical into electricity, transformers make the electricity suitable for distance travel.

45
Q

Solar Power

A

Conversion of energy from sun rays to chemical or thermal energy. Energy from the sun is absorbed PV (photovoltaic) cells in the panel. Energy creates electrical charges that move in response to an internal electrical field in the cell, then the energy is moved to the population.

46
Q

Wind Power

A

Generation of electricity utilizing the kinetic energy from the wind, turbine blades spin by the wind which causes the mil to spin, the mil uses the force of the wind on a rotor which spins a generator.

47
Q

Geothermal Power

A

Dry steam- steam powers the turbine then into a condenser, Flash steam- hot water is depressurized (flashed) into steam to power a turbine, Binary cycle- Water used to heat a low steam-point liquid (isobutane) to produce steam for a turbine

Climate Change (4 decks)

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