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Anatomy II > final exam > Flashcards

final exam Flashcards

1
Q

functions of urinary system

A

excretion, elimination (urination), homeostatic regulation

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2
Q

urinary system does what

A

removes metabolic wates
kindeys remove metabolic waters and produce urine

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3
Q

three metabolic wastes

A

urine
creatinine (breakdown of creatine phosphate)
uric acid

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4
Q

organic wastes

A

dissolved in bloodstream
eliminated only when dissolved in urine
removal
-to remove wastes, flush out with water -> water loss

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5
Q

damaged kidney leads to

A

build-up/ elevated creatinine in blood

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6
Q

excess sodium or potassium

A

pulls water with it

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7
Q

urinary system functions

A

-regulates blood volume (plasma) and pressure by adjusting water lost in urine
-regulats plasma ion concentrations
-sodium, potassium, chloride
-calcium controlled by calcitrol

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8
Q

homeostatic functions of urinary system

A

stabilize blood pH
controls loss of hydrogen and bicarbonate
-conserves nutrients by preventing loss while removing metabolic wastes
-assists liver in detox of positions

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9
Q

organs of urinary system

A

kidneys: produce urine
urinary tract: eliminates urine
-ureters
-urinary bladder
-urethra
-urination or micturition: eliminates urine

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10
Q

ureters

A

transport urine towards urinary bladder

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11
Q

urinary bladder

A

`temporarily stores urine prior to urination

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12
Q

urethra

A

conducts urine to exterior

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13
Q

parts of kidney

A

renal pelvis
hilium
renal cortex
renal medulla
fibrous capsule

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14
Q

kidney functions on blood

A

blood -> filters
whatever is supposed to come out on the other end comes out, others are retained in blood
-filtrate: comes out on the other end

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15
Q

what is not filtered by kidneys

A

big protiens
red blood cells

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16
Q

after eliminated as urine

A

goes to minor calyx -> major calyx -> hilium/ renal pelvis -> ureter

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17
Q

renal artery

A

blood vessel branches/ divides and gets smaller until it reaches glomerulus

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18
Q

glomerulus

A

wrapped in blood vessels oi a ball
-pushes against the nephron

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19
Q

cortical nephron

A

initial filtration of all plasmas in blood

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20
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

like a pison that pushes down on water, trapped surface but water flows through

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21
Q

oncotic pressure

A

two containers, semipermiable membrane allows water through, not particles B -> A

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22
Q

cortical vs juxtamedullary nephron

A

cortical: spans cortex
juxtamedullary: spans medulla, longer

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23
Q

affarent

A

brings blood in from renal artery -> glomerulus -> bowmans capsule (filtrate)

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24
Q

efferent

A

“exit”
non-filtrates (dont pass filtrate)

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25
Q

functions of nephron

A

manage products
-remove waste via filtration
-reabsorb what you filtered iyt but need back
blood volume regulation
-retain water
-push into urine

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26
Q

arteriole vs tubule

A

arteriole: inside
tubule: outside

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27
Q

glomerular filtration

A

-hydrostatic pressure
-across filtration membrane
-small solute molecules pass thru
-larger molecules cant

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28
Q

three components of glomerular filtration

A

-fenestered endothilium
-basement membrane
-foot processes of podocytes

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29
Q

podocytes

A

tentacles; suction to side of glomerulus

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30
Q

innermost layer of veesel

A

endothilium

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31
Q

nephrotic syndrome

A

podocyte foot processes lose electric charge

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32
Q

glomerular capillaries

A

fenestered
small pores
prevent passage of blood cells

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33
Q

basement membrane

A

selective
only allow small plasma proteins, nutrients and ions

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34
Q

filtration membrane

A

renal corpuscle
blood pressure forces water and small solutes into capsular membrane
sodium: protein-free filtrate

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35
Q

renal corpuscle is a combination of

A

glomerulus and bowmans capsule

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36
Q

filtration

A

BP forces water and solutes across walls of glomerular capillaries

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37
Q

reabsorption

A

movt of water and solutes from filtrate -> peritubular fluid

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38
Q

secretion

A

transport of solutes from peritubular fluid -> tubular fluid

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39
Q

PCT

A

secretion and reabsorption mostly occur here

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40
Q

peritubular

A

outside/along tubules are wrapped within blood vessels
-add and remove things

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41
Q

glomerular filtration is balanced by

A

hydrostatic pressure (one direction) and colloid osmotic pressure (sometimes pulls in other direction; if semi-permeable membrane, fluid in both compartments but one has more solute in it, water goes where theres more solute)

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42
Q

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (GHP)

A

flows into efferent arteiole in smaller luminal diameter
-GHP is higher than hydrostatic pressure in peripheral capillaroes
-pushes water and solutes out of bloodstream into filtrate

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43
Q

in glomerular space and peritubular space

A

oncotic pull - whichever has more protiens = greater oncotic pull of plasma into it

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44
Q

factors controlling glomerular filtration

A

GHP: pushed onto tubule filtrate
BCOP: pressure of proteins i in glomerulus pulling water back
NFP: net pressure
CsHP: small amount of hydrostatic pressure of capsule pushing back

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45
Q

net filtration pressure

A

add up all pressures

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46
Q

creatinine

A

kidney function

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47
Q

GFR

A

pushing of filtering plasma into tubular fluid
-125 mL/min
-net filtration pressure determines GFR

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48
Q

Renal corpuscle filtration

A

-passive
-solutes entering capsular space
-glucose, free fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins

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49
Q

glucose, fatty acids, amino acids and vitamins are reabsorbed

A

renal tubules and collecting system

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50
Q

renal tubule functions

A

reabsorb organic nutrients, water in filtrate, secrete wastes that did not enter filtrate at glomerulus

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51
Q

functions of PCT

A

reabsorption of organic nutrients, ions, water
-secretion

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52
Q

decending limb of nephron loop

A

freely permeable to water
reabsorbs sodium and chloride from tubular fluid

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53
Q

three processes at DCT

A

secretion of ions, acids, drugs and toxins into tubule
reabsorption of sodium and calcium
reabsorption of water

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54
Q

ascending limb of nephron loop

A

impermeable to water
removes sodium and chloride
very long in juxtamedullary nephrons (nephrons downto medulla)

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55
Q

reabsorption at DCT

A

-transport Na and Cl out of tubular fluid
-reabsorb Na in exchange for K

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56
Q

collecting system

A

transports tubular fluid from nephrons to renal pelvis
determines final osmotic conc and volume of urine

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57
Q

when body needs more water reabsorption

A

release ADH from posterior pathway
-insertion of aquaporins - water is recollected and leaks into the body

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58
Q

reabsorption and secretion in collecting system

A

Aldosterone: salt absorption
-opposed by ANP
ADH: water reabsorption
-secretion is suppressed by ANP

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59
Q

too much ANP

A

too much fluid -> heart congestion (to get rid of fluif)

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60
Q

aldoesterone functions

A

retains fluid and maintains BP

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61
Q

ANP and BNP

A

released in heart in response to excessive blood volume

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62
Q

reabsorption in collecting system

A

sodium ion reabsorption
- Na exchanged for K
bicarbonate ion reabsorption
-HCO3 exchanged for Cl
-urea reabsorption by diffusion

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63
Q

urea is a biproduct of

A

protien metabolism
-not poisonous to body, excreted freely in urine

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64
Q

2 measures for determining health of kidneys

A

creatinine
GFR
blood, urea, nitrogen (BUN)

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65
Q

hypokalemia

A

reduction in plasma potassium conc
-produced by aldosterone stimulation
-sodium maintains BP

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66
Q

ANP

A

opposes secretion of aldosterone
-works on renal tubule pulls in Na, rids K

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67
Q

parathyroid hormone

A

calcium reabsorption at DCT

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68
Q

hydrogen ion secretion

A

hydrogen generated by dissociation of carbonic acid
-bicarbonate diffuses into bloodstream to prevent changes in plasma pH

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69
Q

hydrogen ion secretion functions

A

-acidifies tubular fluid
-elevates blood pH
-accelerates when blood pH falls

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70
Q

pH in blood decreases in

A

metabolic acidosis
ketoacidosis

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71
Q

acidosis

A

when pH is below 7.4

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72
Q

alkalosis

A

when pH is above 7.4

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73
Q

control of blood pH

A

aldosterone stimulates H+ secretion
-prolonged aldosterone causes alkalosis/ hypokalemia -> high pH
high blood pH

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74
Q

in response to acidosis

A

ties up H+ and yields bicarbonate ions
generates bicarbonate ions to buffer plasma

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75
Q

how urine is concentrated

A

countercurrent multiplication
-exchanges fluids moving in opposite directions

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76
Q

multiplication

A

exchange increases as movement of fluid continues

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77
Q

medullary osmotic gradient

A

1200 mOsm/L
Na and Cl pump out
remainder from urea

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78
Q

descending thin limb down

A

conc as you go down medulla, water is pulled out of osmotic gradient
-tubular fluid lets water go into medulla the lower it goes down

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79
Q

thick ascending limb

A

as it goes up, water cant leave but sodium can

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80
Q

role of urea

A

as water is reabsorbed, concentration of urea in tubular fluid rises

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81
Q

obligatory water reabsorption

A

85% of filtrate volume

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82
Q

facultative water reabsorption

A

DCT and collecting system
-15% filtrate volume

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83
Q

vasa recta

A

returns reabsorbed solutes and water to general circulation
-countercurrent exchange

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84
Q

as blood in vasa recta descends into medulla

A

increases in osmotic concentration
-solutes absorbed in descending portion do not diffuse out in ascending portion

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85
Q

reabsorption

A

goes back into body and blood vessels

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86
Q

secretion

A

removal

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87
Q

normal urine

A

clear, sterile liquid
-depends on osmotic movement of water
-yellow: urobilin

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88
Q

ureter to bladder

A

transitional epithelium

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89
Q

peristaltic contractions

A

sweep along ureter
forcing urine toward urinary bladder

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90
Q

urinary bladder

A

hollow, muscular organ
temporary storage for urine
1 L of urine

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91
Q

detrusor

A

main bladder muscle

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92
Q

center of trigone

A

leads to ureter

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93
Q

neck of urinary bladder

A

internal urethral sphinter
-involuntary control of urine discharge (brain controls)

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94
Q

urinary bladder innvervation

A

parasympathetic fibers
“rest and digest”

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95
Q

urethra

A

transports urine from neck to exterior of body

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96
Q

external urethral sphinter

A

voluntary control
-voluntary relaxation permits urination

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97
Q

urine voiding reflex

A

stretch receptors send impulses to pontine micturition center
-detrusor contracts
-internal and external urethral sphinters relax

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98
Q

Juxtaglomerular complex (JGC)

A

blood pressure and filtration formation
-consists of:
macula densa
JGC
extraglomeular mesangial cells

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99
Q

macula densa

A

chemoreceptors
baroreceptors (pressure)

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100
Q

juxtaglomerular cells

A

smooth muscle cells
baroreceptors and secrete renin (angiotensin -> aldosterone)

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101
Q

extraglomerular mesangial cells

A

between affarent and efferent arterioles
-provide feedback control

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102
Q

homeostasis when blood flow to kidneys decrease

A

-JGC releases renin
-Renin forms angiotensin I
-ACE converts I -> II
-AGII constricts efferent arterioles
-AGII increases aldosterone
-Aldosterone increases Na+ retention
-Increased ADH -> increases fluid retention -> increased cardiac output

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103
Q

angiotensin II

A

increased aldosterone
increased arterial pressures
stimulates thirst center
increased ADH
increased systemic BP and BV and restored normal GFR

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104
Q

aldosterone

A

Na pumps and channels
along DCT and collecting duct
reduces Na+ lost in urine

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105
Q

natriuretic peptides

A

released in response to stretched walls when too much blood volume
-dilation of afferent and constriction of efferent
-increase GFR
-more urine production, decreased BV and BP

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106
Q

vasodilation of affarent and efferent arterioles

A

decreases GFR, blood pressure goes down

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107
Q

autonomic regulation of GFR

A

sympathetic activation
-constricts affarent glomerular artioles
-decreases GFR
-slows filtrate production

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108
Q

acid base compensation

A

fully: pH is normal
partially: 3 values abnormal
uncompensated: PaCO2 or HCO3 is normal, other is abnormal

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109
Q

fluid balance

A

water gained = water lost

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110
Q

water loss

A

urinary system
-feces, perspiration, fever

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111
Q

body water content

A

mostly in ICF

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112
Q

ICF

A

inside cells

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113
Q

ECF

A

interstitial fluid, plasma

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114
Q

barriers

A

endothilieum, cell membrane

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115
Q

sources of water loss

A

skin and lungs
feces
sweat glands

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116
Q

fluid shifts

A

ICF volume greater than ECF
-ICF: water reserve
-prevents large osmotic changes in ECF

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117
Q

when ECF loses water

A

hypertonic

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118
Q

when osmotic water shifts from ICF into ECF

A

decreases ICF volume
-dehydration

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119
Q

severe water loss results from

A

perspiration
inadequate water
repeated vomitting
diarhea: determined by bacteria

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120
Q

homeostatic responses

A

ADH and renin secretion retain fluids
-increase fluid intake

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121
Q

RAS system causes thirst

A

hypothalamus and medulla
-detect loss of water -> thirst

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122
Q

distribution of water gains

A

when water is gained but no electrolytes
-ECF volume increases
-ECF becomes hypotonic to ICF
-fluid shifts from ECF to ICF

123
Q

water gained results in hyperhydration (water excess)

A

excess water shifts into ICF
burst cells
disrupt normal cell functions
sodium low = fluid shifts into the cell

124
Q

signs of hyperhydration

A

low Na+
water intoxication: loss of memory

125
Q

hormones that regulate fluid and electrolyte

A

ADH
aldoestrone
BNP, ANP

126
Q

electrolytes

A

in ICF:
-potassium high inside
in ECF
-sodium high

127
Q

electrolyte balance

A

when gains and losses are equal
-affect water balance, cell functions
-rates of absoprtion across digestive tract with rate of loss at kidneys

128
Q

dehydration

A

countercurrent multiplication
-loop of Henle -> medulla
-collecting ducts

129
Q

sodium

A

dominant cation in ECF

130
Q

potassium

A

dominant cation in ICF

131
Q

sodium balance

A

Na+ in ECF
-Na uptake across digestive epithilieum
-Na excretion in urine and perspiration

132
Q

If gains exceed losses

A

total Na content of ECF rises
-more gain = Na+ in ECF increases

133
Q

if losses exceed gains

A

Na+ content of ECF declines
-more loss = Na in ECF decreases

134
Q

increase in ECF

A

-increases volume
-increases BP

135
Q

hyponatremia

A

water rises
hyperhydration

136
Q

hypernatremia

A

less water
water content declines

137
Q

homeostasis disturbed by increasing Na+ level in ECF

A

-osmoreceptors in hypothalamus
-ADH secretion
-kidney reabsorption or thirst
-ECF osmolarity increases, water leaves ICF, ECF increases, Na decreases

138
Q

ECF volume increases leads to

A

cardiac muscle cells release natriuetic peptides
-hypothalamus, kidneys, vessels
-increased Na loss in urine
-increased water loss in urine
-ADH inhibition
-vasodilation

139
Q

decreasing ECF volume

A

baroreceptors and kidneys - renin - AGII - aldosterone -decreased Na loss in urine, water loss, increased thirst, increased cardiac output and vasoconstriction
increased ADH release

140
Q

hypokalemia

A

deficiency in K in blood

141
Q

acid base balance

A

balances hydrogen ions
if pH is off: protien denaturation (unwind); abnormal functioning

142
Q

buffer

A

prevents the pH from changing
-add or remove H+

143
Q

kidneys secrete

A

H+
-reabsorb bicarbonate

144
Q

lungs

A

blow off co2

145
Q

high pH (alkalosis)

A

slowed breathing
-retains CO2

146
Q

lungs dont work

A

kidneys kick in
absorb more bicarbonate, rids hydrogen

147
Q

equation

A

H2O + CO2 -> bicarbonate -> H+ + HCO

148
Q

acidosis

A

lungs increase repiration
gets rid of CO2

149
Q

respiratory compensation

A

change in respiratory rate
stabilizes pH of ECF

150
Q

renal compensation

A

changes in H and HCO3 secretion or reabsorption by kidneys
-kidneys assist lungs by eliminating any CO2

151
Q

hydrogen ions

A

secreted into tubular fluid along pct, dct, collecting system

152
Q

respiratory response to acidosis

A

increased respiratory rate decreases Pco2, converting carbonic acid to water

153
Q

renal response to acidosis caused by adding H+

A

kidney tubules respond by
1) secreting H+
2) removing CO2
3) reabsorbing bicarbonate to help replenish the bicarbonate reserve

154
Q

respiratory response to alkalosis caused by adding H+

A

decreased respiratory rate increases Pco2 by convertung Co2 molecules to carbonic acid

155
Q

renal response to alkalosis caused by adding H+

A

kidney tubules respond by conserving H+ and secreting HCO3

156
Q

how to regulate if something is too basic

A

lungs decrease respiratory rate -> co2 buildup -> combines with water to form carbonic acid -> bicarbonate and hydrogen

157
Q

regulation of acid base balance

A

captured H+ must be:
-tied up in water through CO2 removal at lungs
-secretion at kidneys

158
Q

three major buffer systems

A

phosphate: ICF
protien: ICF and ECF
carbonic acid-bicarbonate: ECF

159
Q

hemoglobin in buffer system

A

CO2 in plasma diffuses into RBCs and converted to carbonic acid

160
Q

as carbonic acid dissociates

A

bicarbonate ions diffuse into plasma
hydrogen ions are buffered by hemoglobin molecules

161
Q

respiratory acidosis

A

hypercapnia: too much CO2 in blood
hypoventilation
acute v chronic

162
Q

respiratory alkalosis

A

hypocapnia
hyperventilation
acute v chronic

163
Q

metabolic acidosis

A

H+ (impaired renal excretion), loss of bicarb, lactic acid, ketoacidosis

164
Q

low oxygen results in

A

generation of lactic acid

165
Q

metabolic acidosis

A

Pco2 normal or decreased

166
Q

respiratory acidosis

A

PCo2 increased
caused by hypoventilation

167
Q

chronic respiratory acidosis

A

HCO3 increased
emphysema, athsma

168
Q

acute respiratory acidosis

A

HCO3 normal
respiratory failure,CNS damage, pneumothorax

169
Q

metabolic alkalosis

A

Pco2 increased
ex. vomitting, loss of gastric acid

170
Q

respiratory alkalosis

A

Pco2 decreased
caused by hyperventilation
acute or chronic alkalosis

171
Q

female produces

A

1 gamete per month
-retains and nurtures zygote

172
Q

male produces

A

large gametes
-half a billion sperm per day

173
Q

testes (male gonads)

A

-secrete male sex hormones (androgens)
-produce male gametes (sperm)

174
Q

pathway of sperm

A

testes
epididymis
ductus defernes
ejaculatory duct
urethra

175
Q

accessory glands secrete fluids into duct system

A

seminal gland
prostate
bulbourethral gland

176
Q

spermatic cord

A

between abdomen and testes
blood vessels, nerves, lympthatic vessels of testes
entrance to inguinal canal

177
Q

inguinal hernia

A

when coughing, abdominal wall and pressure increases

178
Q

dartos muscle

A

layer of smooth muscle in dermis of scrotum

179
Q

cremaster

A

skelatal muscle deep to dermis
tenses scrotum and pulls testes closer to body

180
Q

histology of testes

A

seminefrous tubules
-sperm production

181
Q

leydig cells

A

testosterone

182
Q

sperm move from testes by what force

A

cilia lining efferent ductules

183
Q

ductus defernes

A

smooth muscle
peristaltic contractions
store sperm for several months

184
Q

accessory glands

A

produce fluid of semen
important glands:
-seminal gland
-prostate
-bulbourethral glands

185
Q

major functions of accessory glands

A

-activate sperm: nutrients to propel sperm and fluids along reproductive tract by peristaltic contractions
-produce buffers to counteract acidity of urethral and vaginal movements

186
Q

semen contains

A

sperm
seminal fluid: fructose, alkaline (for sperm to survive)

187
Q

corpus spongiosum and corposa cavernosa

A

tissues that fill with blood during erection
*erectile tissue

188
Q

mitosis

A

somatic
produces 2 diploid daughter cells
-homologous
-46 chromosomes in adult cell: 23 from mom, 23 from dad

189
Q

Meiosis I and II

A

only sex cells

190
Q

meiosis

A

sperm in males
oocytes in females
produce 4 haploid gametes
-each with 23 individual chromosomes

191
Q

crossing over (meiosis)

A

exchange of genetic material that increases genetic variation among offspring

192
Q

spermatogenesis

A

sperm production
begins at puberty
process is 64 days
involves:
1. mitosis
2.meiosis
3.spermiogenesis

193
Q

pathway of spermatogenesis

A

primary spermatogonium
two primary spermatocyte
meiosis I
secondary spermatocyte
meiosis II
4 spermatids
spermiogenesis
sperm
enter ST lumen
spermiation

194
Q

seminiferous tubules

A

in testes, contain sperm
regulate the # of cells

195
Q

spermiogenesis

A

last step of spermatogenesis
involve major structural changes
*gets rid of a lot of things, develop - some new things, look completely different
at spermiation, a sperm:
-loses attachment to nurse cell
-enters lumen of seminefrous tubule

196
Q

acrosome

A

proteolytic enzymes (breakdown off protiens)
-once sperm reaches egg, allows sperm to burrow into egg to combine DNA

197
Q

nurse cells (sertoli cells)

A

spermatogenesis
-functions:
-blood testis barrier
-support of mitosis and meiosis
-speriogenesis
-provide nutrients
-inhibitin: tells pituitary gland to stop producing sperm (negative feedback)

198
Q

nurse cells

A

secrete inhibin
negative feedback control of spermatogenesis (inhibits FSH secretion)

199
Q

two steps in capacitation

A

sperm become motile
capable of fertilization

200
Q

anatomy of sperm

A

head
neck
middle piece
tail

201
Q

Gonadotropin- releasing hormone

A

hypothalamus
controls rates of secretion
of FSH and LH
testosterone

202
Q

FSH and testosterone

A

-target nurse cells of seminiferous tubules
Nurse cells
-secrete inhibin
-promote spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis

203
Q

effects of testosterone

A

-stimulates spermatogenesis
-libido
-bone and muscle growth
-maintains male secondary sex characteristics

204
Q

female reproductive system

A

produce sex hormones
1 gamete per month
retain and nurtures zygote
protects and supports developing embroyo
nourishes newborn infant

205
Q

structures stabilizing the ovary

A

ovarian ligment
mesovarium
suspensory ligament

206
Q

fimbrae

A

finger like projections from uterine tube that catch egg after ovulation

207
Q

oocyte travels from

A

ovary
uterine tube
fimbrae

208
Q

uterine tubes

A

also called fallopian tubes or oviduct
-transport oocyte to uterus
-ciliary movement and peristaltic contractions

209
Q

path of oocyte

A

ovary
fimbrae
infindibulum
ampulla
isthmus

210
Q

uterus

A

developing embroyo and fetus
-mechanical protection
-nutritional support
-waste removal

211
Q

uterine wall

A

perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium

212
Q

perimetrium

A

covers fundus and posterior surface of uterine body and isthmus

213
Q

myometrium

A

thick, middle, muscular layer
-force to move fetus from uterus into vagina

214
Q

endometrium

A

thin, inner, glandular layer
-glands and vessels support the fetus

215
Q

2 layers of endometrium

A

basal layer: attach endometrium to myometrium
functional layer: cyclical changes in response to sex hormone levels

216
Q

vagina

A

smooth muscle
stratified squamous
functions:
-passageway for elimination of menstrual fluids
-receives sperm during sexual intercourse

217
Q

lactaion

A

controlled by hormones

218
Q

nipple

A

ducts of mammary glands

219
Q

oogenesis (ovum production)

A

begins before birth
-mitosis -> meiosis I)

220
Q

fetal ovaries contain

A

oogonia for mitosis
diploid primary oocytes
7 million primary oocytes after 5 months of development

221
Q

oogenesis

A

oogonium
primary oocyte meiosis I
secondary oocyte completes meiosis II on fertilization
zygote
embroyo
fetus

222
Q

1 oocyte becomes

A

one secondary oocyte
two or three polar bodies
ovary releases secondary oocyte

223
Q

at birth

A

ovaries contain primary oocytes (stuck in meiosis I)

224
Q

by puberty

A

400,000 primary oocytes remain
-finish meiosis I, produce haploid secondary oocytes (n)

225
Q

at puberty

A

meiosis I is complete
yields first polar body and secondary oocyte

226
Q

at fertilization

A

second polar body forms and fertilized secondary oocyte is called a mature ovum

227
Q

ovarian cycle

A

divided into:
-follicular phase: primordial to tertiary ovarian follicle
-luteal phase: ovulation to implantation or menstration

228
Q

GnRH

A

-hypothalamus
-causes LH and FSH release from pituitary gland

229
Q

pituitary

A

FSH: develops follicle
LH: causes voluation

230
Q

follicle and corpus luteum: estrogen and progesterone

A

theca cells: estrogen
granulosa cells: progesterone
-build and maintain endometrium

231
Q

placenta and embryo: estrogen and progesterone

A

builds and maintains endometrium

232
Q

parts of ovary

A

primordial ovarian follicles
primary ovarian follicle
secondary ovarian follicle
tertiary ovarian follicle

233
Q

uterine tube and fertilization

A

for fertilization to occur, secondary oocyte must meet sperm within the first 12-24 hours in uterine tube

234
Q

surge in LH triggers

A

completion of meiosis I
rupture of follicular wall
ovulation

235
Q

surge of estrogen

A

build up function layer from theta cells -> corpus luteum

236
Q

follicular phase of ovarian cycle

A

menstrual: destructs functional zone
proliferative: repair and regenerates functional zone

237
Q

luteal phase of ovarian cycle

A

secretion by uterine glands

238
Q

functional layer

A

grows thick every month
-implantation: stays thick for 9 months
-menses
-no implantation: shedding, thinning
-made of vessels, glands

239
Q

follicular phase

A

FSH: tertiary ovarian follicles begin to grow
LH:
-thecal endocrine cells produce androstendione
-granulosa cells -> estrogens

240
Q

luteal phase

A

corpus albicans
-produced from nonfunctional corpus luteum as fibroblasts invade and form scar issues
-marks end of ovarian cycle

241
Q

fibroblasts

A

collagen is laid down

242
Q

uterine cycle (menstraul cycle)

A

21 to 35 days
menarche: first uterine cycle, begins at puberty
menopause: termination of uterine cycles (45-55)

243
Q

3 phases of uterine cycle

A

menstraul
proliferative
secretory

244
Q

menstrual and proliferative phases

A

occur during ovarian follicular phase

245
Q

secretory phase

A

occurs during ovarian luteal phase

246
Q

Menstrual phase

A

degeneration of the endometrial functional layer
-leads to menstruation/ menses
-constriction of spiral arteries
-weakened arterial walls rupture
-release blood into connective tissues of functional layer

247
Q

menses

A

entire functional layer is lost
only functional layer is affected

248
Q

proliferative phase

A

epithelial cells
-multiply and spread
-growth and vascularization (increased blood vessels)
-restore functional layer
-same time as enlargement of tertiary ovarian follicles

249
Q

what is proliferative phase stimulated and sustained by

A

estrogens secreted by developing ovarian follicles

250
Q

entire functional layer is

A

highly vascularized
-small arteries spiral toward inner surface

251
Q

secretory phase

A

uterine glands enlarge, increased secretion
-arteries of uterine wall
-spiral through the functional layer
-begins at ovulation as long as the corpus luteum remains intact
-ends as corpus luteum stops producing hormones
-continues if placenta and embroyo release estrogen and progesterone

252
Q

menopause

A

45-55
by age 50, no primodial ovarian follicles left
-in premature menopause, depletion occurs before age 40

253
Q

decrease in levels of estrogen leads to

A

-reductions in size of uterus and breasts
-thinning of urethral and vaginal epithilia
-reduction in rate of bone deposition (osteopenia)

254
Q

five functions of estrogens

A

-stimulate bone and muscle growth
-maintain female secondary sex characteristics
-affect CNS activity in hypothalamus
-maintain functional accesory reproductive glands
-initiate repair and growth of endometrium

255
Q

development

A

-gradual modification of anatomical structures
-fertilization to maturity

256
Q

pre-embryonic development

A

first 2 wks after fertilization
produces embryo

257
Q

embroyonic development

A

third through eigth weeks

258
Q

fetal development

A

development of fetus
begins at 9th week, continues until birth

259
Q

gestation

A

time spent in prenatal development
3 trimesters

260
Q

first trimester

A

beginning of each organ, ball of cells
-preembroyonic through early fetal developments

261
Q

second trimester

A

development of organs
body shape and proportions change

262
Q

third trimester

A

rapid fetal growth
most major organ systems are fully functional

263
Q

prenatal development

A

embroyonic and fetal developmental stages

264
Q

postnatal development

A

begins at birth
continues to maturity
-full dev or completed growth

265
Q

first trimester

A

cleavage: after sperm and egg combine, divides
implantation: implant onto endometrial wall
placentation: digs roots into endometrial wall to take nutrients to nourish itself
embryogenesis: development of cluster of cells

266
Q

corona radiate

A

protective follicle cells outside

267
Q

zona pellucida

A

shell of egg
-protective
-glycoprotien envelope

268
Q

fertilization

A

within 24 hours, capacitation, acrosome, ampulla (fertilization in uterine tube)
secondary oocyte + sperm -> meiosis II -> ovum

269
Q

cleavage

A

2 to 16 cell stage
blastomere: cells
morula: at 16 cell stage

270
Q

blastulation

A

day 7 from fertilization
blastula (32 cell stage) -> blastocyst with inner cell
trophoblast -> cytotrophoblast and synctiophroblast
embroyoblast -> bilaminar disc
implantation
embryogenesis

271
Q

blastomeres come from

A

day 0: fertilization in ampulla
first cleavage division
polar bodies die off
day 1: 2 cell stage
day 2: 4 cell stage
blastomeres divide
day 3: early morula
day 4: zona pellucida -> inner cell mass
day 6: blastocoele
day 7-10: implantation in uterine wall

272
Q

trophoblast

A

two layers make connection
-cytothrophoblast
-syncytiotroblast: dig roots into uterine wall of mom
-placentation

273
Q

embroyoblast

A

bilaminar disc (embroyo)
-2 layers
-epiblast (amnion) and hypoblast (yolk sac)

274
Q

embroyonic period

A

implantation to week 9

275
Q

endometrial capillary

A

contact between egg and endometrium

276
Q

syncytiotrophoblast

A

connect with mom to exchange nutrients

277
Q

developing villi

A

connect with blood vessels
-nouishment from endometrium

278
Q

primitive streak

A

significant developmental milestone
-cells from outside of epiblast move toward primitive streak then outward
cells from outside -> inside
result: seperation between hypoblast and endoblast

279
Q

germ layers

A

outermost layer: ectoderm
mesoderm
innermost layer: endoderm

280
Q

ectoderm

A

forms skin

281
Q

early embryogenesis

A

gastrulation
-week 3
-bi layer to tri layer embryonic disc

282
Q

three germ layers

A

ectoderm: neural grove -> neural tube
-neural crest cells
-nervous system and skin

mesoderm:
-notochord
-CT, urinary system, peritoneum and pleura

endoderm

283
Q

ectoderm contributions to integumetry system

A

epidermis, nails, hair follicles, hairs
glands communicating with skin (sweat, mammary, sebaceous glands)

284
Q

mesodermal contributions

A

integumentary: dermis, hypodermis
kidneys (nephrons, collecting system)

285
Q

endodermal contributions

A

repiratory and digestive system

286
Q

extra embroyonic membranes

A

everything other than bilateral disc
-support embroyonic and fetal development

287
Q

yolk sac

A

primary nutrient source for early embryonic development

288
Q

amnion

A

continues to enlarge through development
-amniotic fluid is produced: surrounds and cushions developing embryo or fetus

289
Q

allantois

A

base later gives rise to urinary bladder

290
Q

chorion

A

layer of connection of fetus -> mom

291
Q

4-5 layers in skin

A

top surfaces are dead
alive cells will merge with tissue next to it

292
Q

notochord

A

part of CNS
in primitive streak

293
Q

neural plate

A

to neural tube to CNS

294
Q

umbilical cord

A

connects fetus to placenta
contains: allantois, placental blood vessels, yolk stalk

295
Q

placental circulation

A

blood flow from the the fetus to placenta through paired umbilical arteries
-blood returns to fetus in single umbilical vein

296
Q

second trimester

A

fetus grows faster than surrounding placenta

297
Q

third trimester

A

most organ systems become able to function without maternal assistance
-growth rate slows but much weight is gained
-immature lungs, immune system

298
Q

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

A

signals implantation occured
-progesterine stimulated to help with functional layer

299
Q

HCG

A

appears in maternal bloodstream after implantation
reliable indication of pregnancy

300
Q

neonatal period, infancy, childhood major events

A

-organ systems become fully operational
-individual grow rapidly and body proportions change significantly
-coordinated movt of various cells to become bigger

301
Q

neonatal period

A

transition from fetus to neonate (newborn)
-respiratory
-circulatory
-digestive
-urinary
-contained in milk

302
Q

puberty

A

sexual maturation that marks the beginning of adolescence
-hypothalamus increases GnRH
-FSH and LH rise rapidly
-sex specific differences in many systems

303
Q
A

Anatomy II (2 decks)

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