Final Exam Flashcards
what would the development of a male with nonfunctional AMH receptors but functional testosterone and DHT receptors look like
- nonfunctional AMH receptors would allow female internal genitalia
- functional testosterone and DHT would allow male internal and external genitalia
- functional testosterone receptors would block the development of female reproductive genitalia
what would the development of a female with nonfunctional DAX1 look like
DAX1 blocks the expression of SF1. decreased SF1 activity is needed for normal development of female external genitalia so non functional DAX1 would allow continued expression of SF1 and cause the development of male internal and external genitalia and prevent the development of female internal and external genitalia
what anterior pituitary hormone stimulates inhibin
FSH stimulates the release of inhibin in males and females
what produces inhibin in males
stertoli cells
what produces inhibin in females
granulosa cells
what anterior pituitary hormone does inhibin decrease the release of
inhibin decreases the release of FSH in males and females
which gender would inhibin be a more effective contraceptive
- inhibin would be a more effective contraceptive in males since decreasing FSH in males would lower spermatogenesis without affecting testosterone production. - in females it would decrease estrogen production but estrogen is the most important hormone in the female body and would cause many problems
what division of the autonomic nervous system is causing decreased blood flow
activation of the sympathetic nervous system causes constriction of arterioles leading to the penis
what neurotransmitter is released by the sympathetic nervous system
NE is the neurotransmitter released by the sympathetic nervous system
what enzyme is activated and which 2nd messenger is produced to decrease blood flow
NE increases activation of the enzyme adenylyl cyclase which leads to formation of the 2nd messenger cAMP
what is the effect of the 2nd messenger cAMP on smooth muscle of the arterioles carrying blood to the penis
cAMP causes increased Ca2+ entry into smooth muscle of these arterioles causing smooth muscle contraction
what is the function of the aromatase enzyme
aromatase converts testosterone into estrogen
where is aromatase more active in males
in males aromatase activity is more active in the brain
what effect if any would reverse the level of activity between the testes and the brain have on development of the male reproductive system and male sexual behavior
if the activity of aromatase were decreased in the brain and increased in the testes, male reproductive development and sexual behavior would decrease
what are the 2 cell types of the follicle
granulosa cells of the follicle have high aromatase activity and theca cells have low aromatase activity
what is the affect of changing the aromatase activity of granulosa cells and theca cells
if aromatase activity were revered estrogen production would decrease
primordial follicles
- immature follicles surrounded by simple squamous granuloma cells - no biological activity
primary follicles
- granulosa cells change to simple cuboidal
- FSH receptors expressed
secondary follicles
- granulosa cells become stratified
- theca cells develop
tertiary follicles
- theca cells express LH receptors
- tertiary follicles recruited during 1st week of follicular phase
oogonia
diploid cells that being meiosis I
primary oocytes
cells that begin meiosis I
secondary oocytes
- cells that have completed meiosis I and are halted in meiosis II
- cells that are ovulated and could be fertilized
describe sperm in epididymis
- attain mobility
- zone-producing proteins
describe sperm in testes
- become haploid
- immobile
- no zona-binding proteins
describe sperm in female reproductive tract
- acrosome reaction
- uncovering of zona-binding
- increased permeability to CA2+
- capacitation-hypermobility
what gender is more affected by y-linked genetic diseases
only males are affected by y-linked genetic diseases since only males have y chromosomes
which gender is more affected by x-linked recessive disorders
males are more affected by x-linked recessive disorders because females are often carriers whereas males only have 1 x chromosome
which gender is affected by x-linked dominant disorders
males are more affected by heterozygous x-linked dominant disorders because females can undergo x-inactivation
