Final Exam

Question 1

what would the development of a male with nonfunctional AMH receptors but functional testosterone and DHT receptors look like

Answer 1

• nonfunctional AMH receptors would allow female internal genitalia
• functional testosterone and DHT would allow male internal and external genitalia
• functional testosterone receptors would block the development of female reproductive genitalia

Question 2

what would the development of a female with nonfunctional DAX1 look like

Answer 2

DAX1 blocks the expression of SF1. decreased SF1 activity is needed for normal development of female external genitalia so non functional DAX1 would allow continued expression of SF1 and cause the development of male internal and external genitalia and prevent the development of female internal and external genitalia

Question 3

Answer 3

Question 4

Answer 4

Question 5

what anterior pituitary hormone stimulates inhibin

Answer 5

FSH stimulates the release of inhibin in males and females

Question 6

what produces inhibin in males

Answer 6

stertoli cells

Question 7

what produces inhibin in females

Answer 7

granulosa cells

Question 8

what anterior pituitary hormone does inhibin decrease the release of

Answer 8

inhibin decreases the release of FSH in males and females

Question 9

which gender would inhibin be a more effective contraceptive

Answer 9

• inhibin would be a more effective contraceptive in males since decreasing FSH in males would lower spermatogenesis without affecting testosterone production. - in females it would decrease estrogen production but estrogen is the most important hormone in the female body and would cause many problems

Question 10

what division of the autonomic nervous system is causing decreased blood flow

Answer 10

activation of the sympathetic nervous system causes constriction of arterioles leading to the penis

Question 11

what neurotransmitter is released by the sympathetic nervous system

Answer 11

NE is the neurotransmitter released by the sympathetic nervous system

Question 12

what enzyme is activated and which 2nd messenger is produced to decrease blood flow

Answer 12

NE increases activation of the enzyme adenylyl cyclase which leads to formation of the 2nd messenger cAMP

Question 13

what is the effect of the 2nd messenger cAMP on smooth muscle of the arterioles carrying blood to the penis

Answer 13

cAMP causes increased Ca2+ entry into smooth muscle of these arterioles causing smooth muscle contraction

Question 14

what is the function of the aromatase enzyme

Answer 14

aromatase converts testosterone into estrogen

Question 15

where is aromatase more active in males

Answer 15

in males aromatase activity is more active in the brain

Question 16

what effect if any would reverse the level of activity between the testes and the brain have on development of the male reproductive system and male sexual behavior

Answer 16

if the activity of aromatase were decreased in the brain and increased in the testes, male reproductive development and sexual behavior would decrease

Question 17

what are the 2 cell types of the follicle

Answer 17

granulosa cells of the follicle have high aromatase activity and theca cells have low aromatase activity

Question 18

what is the affect of changing the aromatase activity of granulosa cells and theca cells

Answer 18

if aromatase activity were revered estrogen production would decrease

Question 19

Answer 19

Question 20

primordial follicles

Answer 20

• immature follicles surrounded by simple squamous granuloma cells - no biological activity

Question 21

primary follicles

Answer 21

• granulosa cells change to simple cuboidal
• FSH receptors expressed

Question 22

secondary follicles

Answer 22

• granulosa cells become stratified
• theca cells develop

Question 23

tertiary follicles

Answer 23

• theca cells express LH receptors
• tertiary follicles recruited during 1st week of follicular phase

Question 24

oogonia

Answer 24

diploid cells that being meiosis I

Question 25

primary oocytes

Answer 25

cells that begin meiosis I

Question 26

secondary oocytes

Answer 26

• cells that have completed meiosis I and are halted in meiosis II
• cells that are ovulated and could be fertilized

Question 27

Answer 27

Question 28

describe sperm in epididymis

Answer 28

• attain mobility
• zone-producing proteins

Question 29

describe sperm in testes

Answer 29

• become haploid
• immobile
• no zona-binding proteins

Question 30

describe sperm in female reproductive tract

Answer 30

• acrosome reaction
• uncovering of zona-binding
• increased permeability to CA2+
• capacitation-hypermobility

Question 31

what gender is more affected by y-linked genetic diseases

Answer 31

only males are affected by y-linked genetic diseases since only males have y chromosomes

Question 32

which gender is more affected by x-linked recessive disorders

Answer 32

males are more affected by x-linked recessive disorders because females are often carriers whereas males only have 1 x chromosome

Question 33

which gender is affected by x-linked dominant disorders

Answer 33

males are more affected by heterozygous x-linked dominant disorders because females can undergo x-inactivation