Exam 1 Flashcards
what is cardiac output
amount of blood flowing through left side of the heart per minute
hematocrit
percent of red blood cells in blood
what is the equation for cardiac output
CO = Pressure gradient/resistance
arterioles
dilate or constrict short term
what is the function of the heart
creates pressure gradient
what is the function of blood vessels
changes in resistance
functions of the blood
- transport (O2, CO2, nutrients, waste products, heat)
- immunity
- clotting
what are the components of the blood
- plasma (water, proteins)
- formed elements (erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes)
how does water affect the blood
blood pressure, kidneys regulate blood volume which determines blood pressure
albumin
most common protein in plasma
clotting proteins
inactive (liver produces clotting proteins)
immunoglobulins
antibodies
what is in erythrocytes
folic acid, vitamin b12, intrinsic factor, erythropoietin
erythropoietin
produced by the kidneys
folic acid and vitamin b12
stimulate cell division
intrinsic factor
increase absorption of b12
iron
needed for blood cell production
what is the active/inactive versions of kidney proteins
- ferritin - active; apoferritin - inactive
- angiotensionogen - inactive; angiotension 1 - active
- fibrinogen - inactive; fibrin - active
antigen
unrecognized protein, usually from outside the bond
antibody
aka immunoglobulin - B cells (lymphocytes)
antibodies and antigens bind together to do what
form immune complexes
vascular spasm
blood vessels will constrict (smooth muscle contracting)
platelet plug
temporary clot; positive feedback loop
coagulation (clotting)
platelets lead to clotting
what is the steps to blood clotting
- vascular spasm
- platelet plug
- coagulation (clotting)
clotting abnormalities
- hemophilia
- thrombosis - clotting
- embolus - moving clot
what is compliance
change in volume/change in pressure
- stretchiness of veins/arteries
mean arterial pressure (MAP)
the sum of the diastolic pressure and one-third of the pulse pressure
what is the equation for MAP
MAP = CO x TPR
stroke volume
- strength of contraction (heart muscle)
- volume of blood pumped by heart per minute
heart rate
funny Na+ channels (how fast they open/close)
pacemaker
SA node (controls heart rate)
TPR - total peripheral resistance
changing size of blood vessels
alpha adrenoreceptors
constriction
beta adrenoreceptor
dilation
edema
excess fluid outside capillaries
where is the high and low pressure sides of the heart
high side = left, low side = right
arteries carry blood _____ the heart
away from
veins carry blood _____ the heart
toward the blood
where is the systemic capillary and pulmonary capillary
systemic is up and down and the pulmonary is side to side
where is the high O2 side and the low O2 side of the heart
high = left, low = right
the right side of the heart carries blood to the _____
lungs
the left side of the heart carries blood to the ______
from the ventricles to the whole body
systemic circulation
pumps blood through the body
which atriums and ventricles are the inputs and outputs
atriums are the input and the ventricles are the outputs
closing of AV valve
inflow to the ventricle - blood flowing into the heart
closing of the semilunar valve
outflow to the ventricle - blood flowing out of the heart
SA node and AV node
pacemakers of the heart
parasympathetic
clam, lower heart rate by slowing the funny channels
sympathetic
scares, increases heart rate by speeding up funny channels
SA node
causes the last 25% of filling
AV node
ventricular contraction
EDV - end diastolic volume
how much the heart fills
- venous return effects how much blood fills
ESV - end systolic volume
strength of contraction
heart failure
anything that increases the residual volume - decrease stroke volume is fine, increase stroke volume is bad
SA node happens when
right before the P wave on an EKG
AV node happens when
between P wave and Q on an EKG
arterial activation (systole)
contraction
- P wave
ventricular (distole)
relaxation
- T wave
cardiac cycle
A-B = filling w/ blood
A = opening of left AV node
B = closing of AV node
C-D = emptying
C = opening of aortic semilunar valve
D = closing of arotic semilunar valve
how much blood is ejected per minute by left ventricle
5 liters
hear attack
- harder to fill the heart
- get a weaker contraction
- heart rate increases
what are the functions of the lymphatic system
- immunity
- fat absorption
- fluid recovery
pathogen
any disease causing organism
antigens
any unrecognized protein
extracellular
outside the cell - mostly bacteria
intracellular
inside the cell - mostly viruses
T lymphocytes
deal with intracellular pathogens (viruses)
B lymphocytes
deal with extracellular pathogens (bacteria)
antigen present cells (APCs)
any unrecognized protein
dendritic cells
turn on T cells
T regulatory cells
off switch to immunity
cytotoxic T cells
kill virus infected cells
th1 cells
kill intracellular pathogens
th2 cells
kill extracellular pathogens
th1 and th2 cells are an
on switch to immunity
macrophages
- thought out the body
- eat pathogens
autoimmune
attack your own cells
what are the two defenses against pathogens
specific and nonspecific
non specific defense
- 99% effective
- cells, proteins, inflammatory response, fever
- no memory
specific
- only activated if non specific are no adequate
- immune response (T and B cells)
- have memory
what are the anatomical barriers
- skin (effect of moisture)
- acid mantle (sebaceous gland and sweat)
- lysozyme (non specific kill bacteria)
normal flora
non pathogenic
neutrophils
1st to arrive within minutes - release bleach
macrophages
- aka monocytes
- arrive 2nd within an hour - antigen present cell (eats it)
eosinophils
peroxide (kills worms)
mast cells
- aka basophil
- release histamine and heparin
- vasodilation - increases leakiness in capillaries
natural killer cells
T cells - kill any abnormal cells
what kind of cells do we have in our blood
- neutrophils
- macrophages
- eosinophils
- mast cells
- natural killer cells
proteins in our blood
- interferons
- complement
- perforins
interferons
virus infected cells
- tries to prevent viruses from spreading
- increases MHCI and MHCII expression which is cytotoxins
perforins
abnormal cells
- natural killer cells (T lymphocytes)
4 inflammatory responses
- redness - hyperemia (increased blood blot due to histamine)
- swelling - increased permeability of vessels (edema)
- increased temperature (warmer/fever) - hyperemia; increased metabolism
- pain - inflammatory chemicals
pyrogen
anything that increases body temp
what are the steps of fever
- increased body temp, increased metabolic rate
- stores excess iron - which is needed for bacterial growth
histamine
too much causes allergic reaction
cytotoxic cells
destroy cells
helper t1 cells`
cellular immunity
- turn on immunity
helper t2 cells
humoral immunity
regulator t cells
turns off immunity
active immunity
you form memory cells; lasts years
natural active immunity
memory b cells
artificial active immunity
vaccines
natural passive immunity
mother during pregnancy/breast feeding
artificial passive immunity
antibody injection
natural immunity
someone else forms memory cells, you receive someone else’s antibodies
- lasts months
neutralization
antibodies bind to inactive viruses and toxins
complement activation
kills bacteria (antibacterial)
opsonization
coat bacteria cells - helps with identification
IgA
mucus membranes
- body secretions (sweat, tears, etc.)
IgD
B cell receptors
IgE
released during allergic reactions - mast cells/basophils
IgG
most important - released 2nd after exposure w/ preexposure; released in huge amounts
- aka immunoglobulins
- goes through placenta
IgM
released 1st w/ first exposure
how does an autoimmune disease happen
cytotoxic T cells don’t turn off
veins carry oxygenated/deoxygenated blood
deoxygenated
arteries carry oxygenated/deoxygenated blood
oxygenated
veins are very ______ and have what kind of pressure
veins are very stretchy and have low pressure while arteries are less stretchy and have high pressure
homeopoeisis
bone marrow and two branches - lymphoid and myeloid
