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Principles of Neuroscience > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

You are armed with a sharp micro electrode and are looking for a neuronal cell body to penetrate. Where would you be most likely to stick one with your electrode?

A

Grey matter

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2
Q

The group that reviews and enforces animal research procedures within a particular institution is called:

A

Institutional Animal Care And Use Committee

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3
Q

After a stroke you find that you can understand the words spoken to you by the neurologist, but you have great difficulty in producing any spoken words. Based on this, the neurologist correctly diagnoses you with:

A

Broca’s aphasia

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4
Q

How do the views of Galen and Aristotle compare?

A

Aristotle believed the heart was the seat of our sensation and movement; Galen thought it was the brain.

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5
Q

Create and then answer a question about something in the test material that I didn’t ask you about elsewhere on this exam. This must first be formulated as a question, and then answered correctly!

A

What are some of the leading causes of a stroke? List 5 causes.

Answer: High blood pressure, obesity, smoking, bad diet, not enough exercise.

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6
Q

What section would you use if you wanted to cut through one lateral ventricle but not the other?

A

Sagittal

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7
Q

What are used to identify cortical areas?

A
  • cytoarchitecture
  • neuroanatomical connections
  • function of the area
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8
Q

The entire nervous system is derived from…

A

Ectoderm

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9
Q

What condition results from failure of the rostral end of the neural tube to close

A

Anencephaly

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10
Q

What regulates vital functions such as breathing, consciousness, and control of body temperature?

A

Medulla

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11
Q

Developmentally, the cerebellum arises from which of the following?

A

Rhombencephalon

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12
Q

You are comparing the development of a rat and a human nervous system, starting from the neural tube. Which of the following brain vesicles will show the greatest expansion in the human as compared to the rat?

A

Prosencephalon (forebrain)

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13
Q

From where does the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) originate?

A

Choroid plexus

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14
Q

What structure of the brain contains nuclei that serve as a major relay between sensory neurons and the cortex?

A

Thalamus

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15
Q

Which of the following neuroimaging methods does not expose the subject to harmful radiation?

A

Magnetic resonance imaging

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16
Q

Both during development and in the adult, the third ventricle is located in the:

A

Diencephalon

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17
Q

The central sulcus is bordered rostrally and caudally by which two areas of cortex, respectively?

A

Motor and Somatosensory

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18
Q

The two cerebral hemispheres are connected to each other by which of the following?

A

Corpus callosum

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19
Q

All of the following are types of meninges:

A

Dura mater
Pia mater
Arachnoid membrane

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20
Q

What disease is highly prevalent in athletes involved in sports that result in repeated impacts to the head?

A

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)

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21
Q

Which of the following structures is composed of grey matter?

A

somatosensory cortex

22
Q

A presynaptic neuron fires at 10 action potentials (APs) per second, and the postsynaptic cell does not fire an AP. When the same presynaptic neuron fires at 20 APs per second, however, the postsynaptic cell fires. This is an example of:

A

Temporal summation

23
Q

Inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs)

A

Keep a neuron away from threshold

24
Q

Botox paralyzes the muscles of the face by:

A

Inhibiting acetylcholine release, thereby blocking synaptic transmission

25
Q

Which of the following is true of BOTH electrical and chemical synapses?

A

Transmission relies on proteins embedded in the neuronal membranes

26
Q

Which of the following is not an amine?

A

Glycine

27
Q

Too little inhibition in the nervous system leads to

A

Seizures

28
Q

Which of the following neurotransmitters are stored in large secretory granules?

A

Peptides

29
Q

Postsynaptic responses mediated by the G-protein coupled receptors are faster than those mediated though ligand-gated channels

A

False

30
Q

A neurotransmitter that causes Cl- channels to open is typically considered to be inhibitory

A

True

31
Q

One of the advantages of chemical synaptic transmission over electrical is the ability to greatly amplify the signal from presynaptic cell to postsynaptic cell.

A

True

32
Q

Why are neuromuscular junctions such reliable synapses?

A
  • because the axon terminal is so large
  • because the presynaptic terminal contains a large number of active zones
  • because the motor end-plate contains a series of shallow folds
33
Q

What is necessary for the release of neurotransmitter from the presynaptic terminal?

A

entry of calcium into the presynaptic terminal

34
Q

How are released neurotransmitters cleared from the synaptic cleft?

A

-enzymatic destruction
-diffusion
-reuptake

35
Q

Excitatory and inhibitory synapses can sometimes be identified based upon the appearance of the synapse as observed with electron microscopy. What do they each look like?

A

Inhibitory synapses have oval vesicles and symmetrical synaptic membranes; Excitatory synapses have round vesicles and asymmetrical synaptic membranes

36
Q

What is synaptic integration?

A

A process by which multiple synaptic potentials combine within one postsynaptic neuron

37
Q

Curare (used to coat arrowheads for hunting in South America) is a nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptor

A

Antagonist

38
Q

Which of the following pharmaceuticals work by inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin from the synaptic cleft?

A

Zoloft

39
Q
A
40
Q
A
41
Q

A drug called strychnine, commonly used as rat poison, blocks the effects of glycine. Is strychnine an agonist or antagonist of the glycine receptor?

A

Antagonist

42
Q

Which of the following is the fastest form of synaptic transmission?

A

Electrical synapses

43
Q

In order for the nicotinic ACh receptor to open,

A

ACh must simultaneously bind to both the alpha subunits

44
Q

The hydrophobic M1-M4 regions of each subunit are thought to be

A

where the polypeptide is threaded back and forth across the plasma membrane

45
Q

Ca2+ can

A

Trigger presynaptic transmitter release
Regulate the opening of ion channels
Activate enzymes

46
Q

When NMDA receptors open,

A

Ca2+ enters the cell

47
Q

What is microionophoresis?

A

Method of applying small amounts of neurotransmitter candidates to the surface of neurons

48
Q

In order to remove the Mg2+ block in the pore of a postsynaptic NMDA receptor,

A

the postsynaptic cell must be depolarized

49
Q

Where is ChAT active?

A

Axon terminal

50
Q

Brain slices are bathed in a concentrated K+ solution to stimulate neurotransmitter release. Why must Ca2+ ions also be present in the bathing solution?

A

Neurotransmitter release requires the entry of Ca2+ into the axon terminal

51
Q

Ach slows the heart rate because

A

it stimulates muscarinic receptors that open potassium channels

52
Q
A

Principles of Neuroscience (11 decks)

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