Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is sleep and the purpose

A

Sleep is a basic human need, a universal biological process

Reasons/Purpose:

  • Cope with stress
  • prevent fatigue
  • conserve energy
  • Restore mind and body
  • Enjoy life more fully
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2
Q

what hormones are involved in sleep

A

melatonin, growth hormone, and cortisol levels

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3
Q

What are the 3-4 sleep cycles?

A

Non-REM (NREM) sleep

  • Stage N1: very light sleep, lasts a few minutes
  • Slow eye movement and slow muscle activity
  • Can be awakened very easily
  • Stage N2: light sleep
  • 50% of total sleep
  • Body processes slow down
  • Eye movement stops, brain waves slower
  • Stages N3 and N4: deep sleep
  • Sleeper difficult to arouse
  • Eyes do not move, muscle activity stops
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4
Q

REM sleep occurs _____-_______ minutes after sleep begins

A

70-90 minutes

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5
Q

Newborn sleep pattern

A

Newborns (birth – 28 days)
* Irregular schedule
* Periods of 1–3 hours awake
* Enter REM sleep immediately
* Should be put to bed on back when sleepy but not asleep
* Exposure to light, activity can encourage sleeping less in daytime
* Should sleep on back to decrease risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

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6
Q

Infants (1month to a year) sleep pattern

A

Wake every 3–4 hours, eat, go back to sleep
* Periods of wakefulness increase
* Sleep through the night, daytime naps by 6 months
* Half of time in light sleep
* Active during light sleep
* Putting to bed when sleepy but not asleep helps infants become self-soothers

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7
Q

Toddler (1-3 yr) sleep pattern

A

Need afternoon nap, decreasing need for morning nap
* May resist going to bed
* Nighttime fears, nightmares common
* Security object can help
* Consistent bedtime routine, sleep schedule promote good sleep habits

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8
Q

Preschooler sleep pattern

A

Need fluctuates in relation to activity, growth
* Dislike bedtime, may resist
* Restless, irritable if not enough sleep
* Maintain a consistent sleep schedule
* Relaxing bedtime routine
* Wake frequently at night, may fear dark or have night terrors, nightmares
* Limiting or eliminating TV can help

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9
Q

School-age children sleep pattern

A
  • Most get less than optimal
  • Demands of homework, sports, social activities
  • Spend more time at the computer, TV
  • Caffeinated beverages
  • Consistent sleep schedule, routine help
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10
Q

Adolescent sleep pattern

A

 Few get adequate sleep
 Normal biological shift in sleep–wake patterns conflicts with daily schedule
 Boys: nocturnal emissions – normal

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11
Q

Pregnant women sleep pattern

A
  • Usually need more sleep during first trimester
  • In late pregnancy, size of fetus can interfere with finding comfortable position
  • Sleep on left side
  • Pillows between knees, under abdomen
  • Elevate head of bed
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12
Q

Adult sleep pattern

A

6–10 hours/night
* Individual variation
* Signs of not enough sleep
* Falling asleep or getting drowsy during non-fatiguing task
* Daytime sleepiness
* Inability to concentrate or remember information
* Unreasonable irritability
* Vulnerable to insufficient sleep
* Travelers
* Adults working long hours or multiple jobs
* Individuals with stress, depression, or chronic pain
* Parents of newborns
* Racial differences, women better sleep quality than men; women more at risk for insomnia
* Undiagnosed chronic conditions, sleep apnea

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13
Q

Older Adult sleep pattern

A
  • Earlier bedtimes and wake times
  • Increase in disturbed sleep – negative impact on quality of life
  • Need to sleep does not decrease with age
  • Better health – more likely to sleep well
  • Adults with more medical condition – sleep problems
  • Sleep disorder may be complicating other conditions
  • Older adult patients with dementia
  • Sundown syndrome: symptoms in late afternoon, can
    last through night
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14
Q

Recommended hours of sleep per age group

A

 Newborns (birth to 28 days): 14 -17 hours
 Infants (1 month to 1 year): 12-15 hours
 Toddlers (1-3 years): 11-14 hours
 Preschool (3-6 years): 10-13 hours
 School-age children (6-12 years): 9-11 hours
 Adolescents (12-20 years): 8-10 hours
 Young adults (20-35 years): 7-9 hours
 Middle adults (35-65 years): 7-9 hours
 Older adults (65+): 7-8 hours

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15
Q

Factors affecting sleep

A

sleep quality
- quantity
- exercise
- sleep schedule
- caffeine/alcohol
- diet
- smoking
- stress

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16
Q

Parasomnias

A
  • unpleasant/undesirable behaviors that occur during sleep
17
Q

Hypersomnia
- Severe form?**

A
  • Sufficient sleep but still suffers daytime drowsiness
  • **severe form: narcolepsy
18
Q

what is daytime symptoms of someone who is drowsy?

A

drowsiness, irritability, fatigue

19
Q

Dyssomnias **

A

– **Restless legs syndrome and periodic limb movement disorder
▪ Neurologic disorder
▪ Overwhelming urge to move legs while at rest
▪ Muscle twitches, jerking movements of legs
▪ Symptoms triggered by attempting to fall asleep

20
Q

Which sleep disorder:
– Affects females more so than males
– Over age 60
– Mental health disorder

A

insomnia

21
Q

Which sleep disorder:
– Obesity
– Large neck circumference
– Narrow airway
– Smoking

A

sleep apnea

22
Q

Which sleep disorder:
– Children
– Drug or alcohol abuse contributes to night terrors in adults

A

parasomnias

23
Q

Which sleep disorder:
– Onset before age 40
– Pregnancy
– Iron deficiency
– End stage kidney disease
– Neuropathy

A

Restless legs syndrome

24
Q

Obstructive Sleep Apnea desc.

A

-Muscles in the back of throat relax, narrowing airways
-Breathing is cut off for 10 seconds or longer
-oxygen levels drop, CO2 levels rise
-Brain senses impaired breathing and wakes you so airway can reopen Awakening may be so brief person won’t remember
-Pattern can continue 30 or more times an hour
-Disruptions impair the ability to reach REM sleep
-Person usually unaware of waking frequently

25
Q

what is the most common sleep related breathing disorder?

A

OSA

26
Q

S and S of OSA

A
  • Excessive daytime sleepiness
  • Loud snoring (can have OSA w/o snoring)
  • Observed episodes of stopped breathing during sleep
  • Abrupt awakenings accompanied by gasping or choking
  • Awakening with a dry mouth or sore throat
  • Morning headache
  • Difficulty concentrating during the day
  • Mood changes, such as depression or irritability
  • High blood pressure
  • Decreased libido
27
Q

what is used to diagnose OSA

A

polysomnography

28
Q

OSA treatment

A
  • For milder cases of obstructive sleep apnea,
    your doctor might recommend lifestyle changes:
  • Lose weight if you’re overweight.
  • Exercise regularly.
  • Drink alcohol moderately, if at all. Don’t drink in
    the hours before bedtime.
  • Quit smoking.
  • Use a nasal decongestant or allergy
    medications.
  • Don’t sleep on your back.
  • Avoid taking sedative medications such as anti-
    anxiety drugs or sleeping pills
29
Q

What is Central sleep apnea

A
  • Problem in brain function causes lapses in breathing and slow, shallow
    breathing. Brain temporarily stops sending signals to the muscles that
    control breathing
30
Q

nonpharmacologic therapy for OSA

A
  • weight loss
  • less alcohol use
  • avoid supine position for sleep
  • CPAP or BiPAP use
31
Q

For sleep disorders sleep sleep apnea, what can be done if CPAP is not tolerated?

A

Surgery (tonsillectomy, adenoidectomy, etc.)

32
Q

What is comfort?

A
  • A transient and dynamic state of
    fulfillment across one or more domains
    of the holistic experience:
    -physical
    -emotional
    -psychospiritual
    -sociocultural
    -environmental