Exam 1 (Mod 1-4) Flashcards
What word refers to decreasing risks of dangers or hazards to prevent actual or potential bodily harm?
Safety
What does SAFETY stand for?
S
A
F
E
T
Y
sensitivity to operations
Asking open questions
Finding the best in others
Entertaining doubt
Thinking critically
Yeast in the dough
What are the attributes of Safety in healthcare settings? (8 things)
- Hazard surveys and safety inspections
- Effective Hazard Reporting System
- PPE being used effectively
- OSHA-mandated Safety Programs in place
- Safety, Health Rules and work practices available
- Safety and health training for employees
- Investigate incidents for root cause
- Internal/External Disaster plans
What/who are other attributes of safety (1)
EVERYONE
What are some Safety and Health Promotion practices? (9 things)
- hand hygiene
- Only take antibiotics or medications prescribed
- take appropriate vaccines
- Report any S&S of infection sooner rather than later.
- Encourage visitors, and healthcare workers to wash hands before touching you or preparing meds/meals.
- Make sure you let your healthcare provider aware if you
had a recent infection. - healthcare team may need to use PPE around patient
- Inquire as to how to avoid infections after post-surgery.
- Understand that you may need to have lab tests if you
have been exposed to pathogens
What can happen if there are ALTERATIONS TO SAFETY
- Results in longer hospital
stays for patients - Injuries
- Infections
- Functional decline
- Death
What 3 bullet points are included in the Comprehensive Nursing Assessment?
- Observation (Continuous)
- Patient Interview
- Physical examination
What is included in an Age-appropriate assessment?
- Communication and speech patterns
- Mobility
- Eye contact
- General appearance
- Balance
- Communication and speech patterns
- Mobility
- Eye contact
- General appearance
- Balance
This is part of what assessment?
age-appropriate assessment
What are the 3 ratings for Risk-base assessments?
low. medium, and high
In risk-based assessments, what are the 5 things included in it?
- Morse Fall Risk
- Mobility assessment
- Braden Scale (skin)
- Suicide Risk Assessment
- Social determinants assessment
- Morse Fall Risk
- Mobility assessment
- Braden Scale (skin)
- Suicide Risk Assessment
- Social determinants assessment
this is included in what assessment?
Risk-base assessment
What to do to prevent latex exposure?
If patient is allergic, make sure to wear latex-free gloves
What are 4 examples of taking standard precautions in providing a safe environment?
- Proper hand hygiene
- PPE
- Safe injection practices
- disinfecting techniques
________ is responsible for behaving safely in the healthcare
environment to prevent injuries, accidents, infections and
errors
EVERYONE!!
what are considered possible chemical exposures in a hospital setting?
- cleaning supplies
- disinfectants
- paints
- chemo drugs
- formaldehyde
What are the 5 things included in SAFETY CULTURE
- general feeling of shared attitudes, values, practices, and beliefs that result in behaviors and feelings of responsibility for safety in all daily routines.
- Organizations and employees work together to improve safety and quality of care
- Everyone is encouraged to note safety issues and report them
- It is a blame-free environment – the focus is on systems
- Encourages reporting errors and near misses without fearing punishment
What are screening tests for?
Used to detect the possible presence of health conditions before symptoms are apparent
When is the prenatal period?
between conception and birth (before 9 months)
Why is Early and Regular prenatal care important? (5 points)
- what are the controllable factors?
- what makes poor maternal peripartum course?
Assists in preventing complications associated with pregnancy
- Monitors the mother’s health and the development of the fetus
- Recognition of prenatal risks:
- Controllable
* Smoking
* Drinking alcohol
* Certain meds that can cause fetal malformation - Poor maternal peripartum course:
* Advanced Maternal Age (over 35 years)
* Cardiovascular disease
* Preeclampsia (history, family history, or chronic
conditions)
What increases the risk for Fetal Mortality? (8)
- Maternal obesity
- Smoking
- Severe HTN
- Diabetes
- Congenital anomalies
- Infections – STDs
- Placental and cord problems
- IUGR (intrauterine growth restriction)
If planning to become pregnant
encourage healthy routine changes:
(7)
- Quit smoking
- Attaining healthy weight
- Folic acid, PNV
- Learn about family health
conditions - History of gestational DM or
HTN - Tubular defects – spinal bifida
Safety Across Lifespan for NEWBORNS AND INFANTS
- Congenital anomalies
- Birth weight is a good predictor of survival
- Screening of newborns: (for birth defects that are
not visible) - Hearing loss
- Heart defects
- Hemoglobin disorders
- Hormonal insufficiency
- Cystic fibrosis
- Inability to process
certain nutrients
Causes of infant mortality
- Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) - Leading cause of death among infants 1–12 months of age
- Complications during delivery
- Unintentional injuries can result in:
- Infant death
- Suffocation
- Co-sleeping
- Maltreatment, abuse, neglect Falls are the number one cause of unintentional, nonfatal injuries due to:
- Immature musculoskeletal systems and relative immobility
- Infants are susceptible to falls
- Soft heads are particularly susceptible to traumatic brain
injury
Safety Across Lifespan for TODDLERS
- Small size, developing bones make them particularly vulnerable during motor vehicle crashes or when hit, pushed, or shaken
- Drowning of particular concern
Leading causes of death
* Accidents with unintentional injuries
* Congenital malformations
* Malignant cancers
* Homicide
At risk for injury or death due to:
fires, burns, suffocation Death caused by being left inside a parked motor vehicles
Safety Across Lifespan for PRESCHOOLERS
- Fewer injuries, and fatalities than among toddlers
Leading cause of death
* Accidents with unintentional injuries
* Motor-vehicle crashes
The second highest cause of
child deaths:
* Firearm-related injuries
The third highest cause of
death
* Malignant cancers
Safety Across Lifespan for SCHOOL-AGED (5-12)
- Less dependent on parents and move faster on foot, more active
Leading cause of death
* Unintentional injuries (account for almost 1/3)
- Caused by motor vehicle crashes
Nonfatal injuries
* Unintentional falls
* Overexertion
* Bicycle accidents
Safety Across Lifespan for YOUNG ADULT
Leading cause of death:
* Poisonings – drugs, narcotics, medicines, biological agents
* Motor vehicle crashes
* Malignant tumors
* Heart disease
* Suicide
* Homicide
Sources of nonfatal injuries:
* Unintentional falls
* Overexertion
* Being accidentally struck by or striking
something
* Unintentional cuts or piercing wounds
Safety Across Lifespan for MIDDLE ADULT
Leading cause of death:
* Malignant tumors – 1/3
of deaths
* Heart disease
* Poisonings – drugs,
narcotics, medicines, or
biological agents
* MVA
* Falls
Causes of nonfatal
injuries:
* Unintentional falls
* Overexertion
* Accidental injury caused
by being struck by or
against something
* MVA
Safety Across Lifespan for OLDEST ADULT
Chronic diseases such as:
* Heart disease
* Malignant cancers
* Cerebrovascular illness
* Chronic respiratory disease
* Alzheimer disease
* Diabetes
Function decline: reduction in quality of
or the ability for physical or cognitive
function
* Changes in ability to complete ADLs
* Impaired mobility
* Decreased musculoskeletal strength
* Reduced physical endurance
*reducing the risk of function decline can
help prevent pressure injuries, delirium,
depression, decreased mobility, loss of
independence, incontinence
Strategies to reduce the risk of function decline:
* Encourage older adults to keep mobile, active and
engaged in ADLs
* Precautionary measures for the prevention of injuries in
older adults with impaired mobility or altered
cognitive function
* Community daycare centers with staff trained to
work with older adults
* Senior center offering a variety of activities and social
opportunities
* Federal, state, local, and private advocacy agencies
providing services for the elderly
* Good oral care
Questions to ask related to safety strategies for individuals with DISABILITIES
Can the individual move about, handle things, and explore
Is there any safety equipment or modifications that are for the individual
Does the individual have difficulty talking or understanding
Does the individual have difficulty making decisions
Parents and other family members may need assistance
Nurses can:
Assess what needs
Provide support and encouragement
- Family members may need encouragement and support to accept respite care
Look at Safety PPT #2 (lifespan)
there is a big chart again about assessment diagnosis, planning, implementation, evaluation
What administration makes regulations for Workplace Safety? and what else do they do?
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
Part of the U.S. Department of Labor
Protects workers from safety hazards and health risks
Provides standards, enforcement actions, compliance assistance, and cooperative programs to prevent injury and illness in the workplace
Enforces rights of safe workplace environment
Whistleblower program
Works with employers to find methods of prevention
Examples in the healthcare sector:
Hand hygiene procedures
Use of gloves when working with the patient
Puncture-resistant sharps containers
What is the purpose of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
Conducts research to provide safety in the workplace and population
Develops recommendations for safety procedures, distributes information
- part of CDC
What is the point of board of nursing?
protects public against nurses not adequately prepared or competent to provide safe nursing care
- establishes requirements for nursing prelicensure programs
handrails along walls and grab bars in bathrooms
Wider halls and doorways to
accommodate walkers, wheelchairs
Removing throw rugs or adding nonslip
padding underneath
Easy-grip door handles, water faucets
and cabinets
Way to call for help accessible
Adequate lighting
Control of room temperature
Fire and disaster plans
These are all examples of…
safety in home care setting
Why is communication so important for the safety of healthcare settings?
Patient come to hospitals with complex medical needs so its an Important part of patient care to communicate.
* Treatments can be complicated, need multiple
disciplines to be included in care, may be time- sensitive and change frequently – need coordination and accurate communication
Why is proper hand off reporting so important
- If the right information is not communicated –
patient care may be compromised.
What does SBAr STAND FOR?
- situation - FULL REPORT OF PATIENT: patient name, age, location, code status…
- background - BRIEF INFO ON SITUATION: admit date/diagnosis, allergies, patient physical/mental status
assessment: ANALYSIS/CONSIDERATION OF OPTIONS - lung, heart (organ) status, IV sites, Diet/I&O’s, iso precautions
recommendation: Action requested/recommended - suggestion of diagnostic tests/treatments
What age group is at risk for falls?
> 65yrs of age
what sit 4eh most common injury in healthcare
falls
what other injuries can falls cause?
- fractured bones
- excessive bleeding
- TBI
- Death
Can medications cause falls?
Yes, you see this all the time at work
No obstacles in walking paths in patient
rooms, corridors or stairwells.
* Keep personal items within close reach.
* Well lit room.
* Shoes that provide adequate traction.
* No skid socks.
* Encourage use of prescribed eyewear
* Use side rails on beds
* Aware of medication regime and side
effects associated with medications
* Safety devices – bed alarm
* Frequent rounding
* Morse fall risk
These are all examples of…
Strategies to decrease risk of falls
What is HAI?
Healthcare-associated infections
- infections that occur while a patient is being treated for anotehr condition
How can nurses prevent infections on themselves?
- hand hygiene
- PPE
- disinfectant techniques
When are restraints and safety devices only applied!!!???
when it is necessary to protect patient from injuring self or others
WHAT TYPE OF RESTRAINT TO WE ALways try to use
the least restrictive form
how often do you need to assess a restricted patient?
q 2 hrs
how often do you need a new order to keep restraints on?
every 24 hrs
What are the 3 types of restraints?
- Chemical restraints – sedatives, hypnotics, neuroleptics and antianxiety
medications - Seclusion – confinement to a room and preventing the patient from leaving.
- Physical restraints – wrapped or tied to a person’s body to limit/restrict movement
What is considered the musculoskeletal system
Musculoskeletal system:
muscles, tendons of the muscular system
Bones, ligaments, cartilage, and joints of the skeletal system
How does the Skeletal and muscular systems work together
- Support body weight
- movements
- stability
- protects organs
how does muscle attach to bones?
with tendons
how many bones does an adult have?
206 bones
What are ligaments?
Connect bones to other bones to form a joint
Strengthen, stabilize joint
May limit mobility of some joints
What are tendons?
Connect bones to muscles for movement
Carry contractile forces from muscle to bone movement
What is cartilage
Flexible connective tissue
Less flexible than muscle, not as rigid as bones
Does not contain blood vessels (unlike ligaments, tendons)
what is osteoarthritis?
The degeneration of cartilage and bone in a joint
what does OA mostly affect bone wise
- knees
- hips
- hands
- spine
What is Parkinson disease?
A CNS disorder caused by degeneration several areas of the brain that produce dopamine
- A progressive disease
What is the most serious effect of a spinal cord injury? Also, what other inconvenient locations can be annoying?
paralysis of breathing muscles
- thoracic/lumbar-sacral injuries that can cause loss of bowel and bladder control
What Disorder is the primary cause of decreased mobility
Joint disorders
THIS IS BOLDED IN PPT ****
Joint disorders of the head include ___________________________ _________ affects
chewing and talking
Joint disorders of elbows and knees may include _______, _________, __________.
Joint disorders of the hand and wrist include ____________, ___________, ____________, ___________.
Joint disorders of the foot include ____________, ___________, ____________, ___________.
THIS IS BOLDED IN PPT ****
tendinitis, synovitis, bursitis; joint effusion, rheumatoid arthritis, Dupuytren contracture, carpal tunnel syndrome; gout, bunions, clubfoot, hammertoe
What are examples of traumatic injuries?
bruises, sprains, strains, muscle injuries
What does RICE stand for?
Rest
Ice
Compression
Elevate
POLICE stands for
Protection
Optimal loading (instead of rest)
Ice
Compression
Elevate
What are the two other weird mnemonics for RICE?
PEACE
Protection
Elevate
Avoid
Compression
Education
LOVE
Load
Optimism
Vascularization
Exercise
What is the primary risk factor for mobility in Older Adults
AGING
What are the 5 P’s and their explanation?
Pain: Assess on a 0–10 scale
Pulses: Compare affected/unaffected extremity
Pallor: Observe skin color overall and in the injured/affected area
Paresthesia: Ask about changes in sensation
Paralysis/paresis: Assess the ability to move body parts distal to the fracture
What are ways of providing education to a patient who has difficulty with mobility?
Body mechanics, proper posture
Importance of exercise and nutrition
Medications
Safe administration
Actions
Side effects
Precautions
What are ways of providing comfort to a patient who has difficulty with mobility?
Promoting comfort
Patient positioning during periods of immobility
Padding of joints to prevent discomfort and skin breakdown
Braces and support devices to stabilize weak or injured musculoskeletal structures
What are ways we can educate patients to prevent injury for a patient?
- Encourage exercises and stretches
- Braces and splits as prescribed by primary healthcare provider, PT, OT
Environment screening for potential hazards
- Loose floor coverings
- Inadequate lighting
- Obstructed walkways
- Proper use of assistive devices
what is something that you might forget is a modifiable risk factor?
Folic acid as a supplement for pregnant ladies
What are three types of scans and what are they used for?
Bone density scans for older adults to detect osteoporosis
Spinal screenings for school-age children to detect scoliosis
Genetic testing for patients with a family history of certain disorders
Lifespan consideration for infants and children for mobility
Infants and children may have genetic disorders or congenital malformations
Lifespan consideration for mobility in children, adolescents, young adults
prone to trauma from sports, abuse or
accidents
lifespan considerations in mobility for older adults?
present inflammatory and “wear-and-tear” problems
lifespan considerations in mobility for pregnant women
may have decreased range of motion (ROM) and increased back pain
What are ways that we can foster independence in a patient?
- Offer assistance but avoid doing something for the patient to get it done faster
- Encourage the patient to ease out of their comfort zone
- Foster adjustments to allow the patient to go out independently rather than in a group
- Provide information about screenings, healthcare needed to maintain health
How to help patients reduce social isolation?
Reducing social isolation
Discuss how too much reliance on paid assistance impairs relationships with others
Help patient explore social networks
Discuss living arrangements that promote social interactions
Promote involvement in community groups that share patient’s interests
What are some collaborative (movement) inteventions we can encourage for the patient?
1.) Rehabilitative services
- PT or OT
2.) Exercise
- Passive/Active ROM to maintain joint mobility
- Resistive exercises to increase muscle strength
- Isometric exercises to maintain strength when a joint is immobilized
3.) Ambulation
4.) Assistive devices
- Crutches (axillary, Lofstrand, Platform)
- Walkers (for unsteadiness; arms support body weight)
- Canes (patient can bear weight/ have 1 weak leg)
5.) Pharmacologic Therapy
- paint relievers
- anti-inflammatory drugs
- muscle relaxants
- neurologic drugs
What 2 main factors contribute to fractures?
Strength of the force acting against bone and strength of bone
- Strength of bone related to a person’s nutritional status or presence of
pathologic conditions
What are the 3 phases of fracture healing
◦ Inflammatory phase (reactive phase): Damage to bone, blood vessels, and
surrounding tissue causes bleeding, hematoma, inflammation
◦ Reparative phase: Fibroblasts, osteoclasts, chondroblasts secrete collagen — fibrocartilage — soft callus — woven bone — hard callus
◦ Remodeling phase: Woven bone replaced by lamellar bone
◦ Stronger, more compact, better blood circulation
for fracture healing, what is the name for normal healing?
union
What are the 3 types of unions for when a bone does not heal properly?
◦ Delayed union: The healing process takes significantly longer than expected
◦ Nonunion: Fracture shows no sign of healing for at least 3 months
◦ Malunion: Bone fragments join in a position that is not anatomically correct
What are the 4 risk factors for a fracture?
- Age
- Presence of bone disease
- Poor nutrition
- Lifestyle habits
What are the 3 ways we can promote the prevention of a fracture?
- Education
◦ Safety equipment
◦ Good lifestyle habits - Safe living environment
◦ Protective gates on stairs for young children
◦ Removing rugs, clutter - Regular screenings
◦ Osteoporosis
◦ Fall prevention
What are 2 clinical manifestions for a fracture? What are other manifestations to include as well?
Pain
Visible fracture on x-ray
Other manifestations include
◦ Visible deformity
◦ Swelling
◦ Numbness
◦ Internal or external loss of blood
◦ May lead to hypovolemic shock or ecchymosis
◦ Crepitus
What is compartment syndrome?
◦ Edema, and swelling cause increased pressure in the muscle compartment
decreased blood flow, potential muscle and nerve damage
◦ Continuous cycle: Decreased blood flow
— dilation of blood vessels — more edema
◦ If ischemia continues for a significant length of time, muscles and nerves may die,
limb might need to be amputated
What are the symptoms of Compartment syndrome?
- Where is the most common?
- How to suspect compartment syndrome from the patient?
◦ Severe pain and tenderness
◦ Swelling, paresthesia, pallor, numbness, decreased or absent pulses in affected limb, poikilothermia in distal part of affected limb
◦ Most common in lower leg and forearm
◦ Can also occur in hand, foot, thigh, upper arm
◦ Suspect if patient’s pain, swelling are disproportionate to negative x-ray findings
What are the causes of Compartment syndrome?
Causes
◦ Fracture
◦ Muscle bruise
◦ Crush injury
◦ Excessively tight bandage or cast
◦ Medical emergency
How is compartment syndrome treated?
◦ Remove tight cast
◦ If symptoms are caused by internal pressure, surgery (fasciotomy) to relieve pressure
How to prevent compartment syndrome
◦ Prevention
◦ Elevation, ice to reduce swelling
◦ Delaying casting
How to diagnose DVT
Venogram or Doppler ultrasound
How to treat DVT
- Bedrest
- Anticoagulants
- Surgery
What can a DVT cause?
◦ In the brain, can cause stroke
◦ In the lungs, can cause pulmonary embolism
◦ In coronary arteries, can cause myocardial
infarction (MI), other severe damage
What are the risk factors for DVT?
- Dec. blood flow
- Blood vessel injury
- Altered blood coagulation
- Older age
- Obesity
- Poor circulation
- Inactivity or bedrest
- Smoking
- Cancer
What is Fat embolism syndrome?
◦ May occur in conjunction with closed long bone or pelvic fractures
◦ Fat and bone marrow fragments are released into the bloodstream,
become lodged in blood vessels, creating decreased perfusion beyond the blockage
How is Fat embolism syndrome (FES) manifest?
Respiratory consequences: typically first symptom
◦ In severe cases: dyspnea respiratory failure with tachypnea, hypoxia
◦ Neurologic symptoms
◦ Confusion, restlessness, seizures, coma
◦ Transient petechial rash
◦ Purtscher retinopathy
◦ Mild fever
What is the treatment and prevention for FES
◦ Oxygen administration
◦ Rash disappears spontaneously
within a week
Prevention
- corticosteroids
◦ Early immobilization of the injury
◦ Rarely seen in children <10 years of age
What types of infections can a fracture cause?
Cellulitis, Osteomyelitis, Gangrene
What are the 2 most important objectives with a fracture for EMERGENCY CARE?
- immobilize fracture
- prevent infection
What type of diagnostic test is the most common for fractures
X-ray
What are casts?
Rigid device to immobilize, support, and protect fractured bones, and surrounding soft tissue
What is a splint?
Less support than cast but easily adjusted to accommodate swelling, prevent compartment syndrome
What is a traction?
the use of weights, ropes, and pulleys to apply force to a fractured bone to maintain proper alignment
When is a skin traction used?
used when only a small amount of weight is needed for traction
helps to control spasms
- maintain alignment of fracture before/after internal fixation
When are skeletal tractions used?
◦ Used when a greater force is needed or skin traction contraindicated
◦ May be used in conjunction with skin traction
◦ Pins, wires, or screws surgically implanted into bone, weights attached to implanted hardware
◦ Monitor for infected pins
What is a non-pharmacologic pain management strategy (asian food)
RICE
what bone gets frequently fractured at birth
collar bone
a midshaft spiral fracture can be a sign of…
child abuse
As a nurse, what should we provide effectively for a patient with a fracture?
effective pain management
- promote mobility/help with ambulation
What are the 2 types of hip fractures?
intracapsular and extracapsular hip fractures
what are intracapsular fractures?
- Occur at femoral head,
neck within the capsule of
hip joint
what are extracapsular fractures?
- Occur within trochanter, either in intertrochanteric, or subtrochanteric regions
what injury occurs the most in older adults
falls
what are the 4 causes of hip fractures in children?
- Trauma from a motor vehicle crash
- Sports injury
- Fall
- Physical abuse
what are the 2 greatest risk factors for hip fracture?
- old age
- osteoporosis
what gender is at an increased risk for developing osteoporosis?
Women bc of menopause
What are the 6 things to do for the prevention of a hip fracture?
- Prevent falls
- maintaining bone health
- screening for bone disease
- exercise/ compression stockings
- resp. exercise (pneumonia)
- PT, ROM, OT
What are clinical manifestations for a hip fracture?
- 1 LEG SHORTER THAN THE OTHER AND TURNED TO THE SIDE
Severe pain in hip, upper thigh, groin, lower back - May be unable to move, stand, or walk
- May have stiffness, bruising, and swelling in the hip area
- Bone may be visible through skin
- Because they result from trauma, other injuries may also be
present - Other fractures
- Head injuries
- Internal injuries
due to the immobility of a hip fracture, what are some serious complications?
- DVT
- Pressure ulcers
- UTI
- Pneumonia
- Muscle atrophy
What is the primary imaging tool for hip fractures?
X-ray
For hip fracture, what are the 3 goals for surgery?
- Reduce pain
- Stabilize Fracture
- Return patient to normal activity level
For hip fractures, what are the 3 types of surgery?
- Repair with hardware
- Partial hip replacement
- Total hip replacement
- May require revision therapy or replacement of artificial joint after 10 years
For hip fractures, what are the 2 types of Traction?
- buck
- russel
For hip fractures, what is the name of the cast put on?
Hip spica cast
for hip fractures, what are the post-op assessment
- oxygenation assessment
- presence of infection
- ability to ambulate
- urinary/bowel complications
- DVT
Nursing interventions for patients with hip fracture
include:
- Managing pain
- Maintaining proper alignment
- Promoting mobility
- Monitoring the patient’s neurovascular status
- Monitoring for infection
- Managing pre-and postoperative care
- Emotional care
- Instructions for home care
How does a nurse care for a patient pre and post-care?
Preoperative
* Manage pain
* Immobilize the hip with traction or other restraints
* Provide information on treatment plan
Postoperative
* Manage pain
* Promote mobility
* Prevent complications
* Assist with ambulation
* DVT prevention
* Respiratory exercises
* Active or passive ROM
* Wound care
in what position does a patient lay pre op for a hip fracture?
Lateral position (off of the fractured side)
Which complication is most commonly associated with hip fractures in the elderly population?
Pneumonia
When does alteration in digestion related to motility occur?
When coordination of the digestive system is interrupted
- Inflammation
- Infection
- Tumors
- Obstructions
- Changes in the structure
- Amount of food intake and bacteria
- Stress
- Postponement of defecation
- Consistency of stools
- Disorders: Gastroesophageal reflux (GERD);
Impaired esophageal motility; Pyloric stenosis;
Diarrhea; Constipation; Irritable bowel syndrome
(IBS); Encopresis
When does alteration in digestion related to absorption occur?
Occur when there is impaired uptake of nutrients in the
digestive system
* Influences on absorption:
* Infection
* Medications
* Insufficient enzyme production
* Injury to the intestinal lining
* Food sensitives or intolerances
* Disorders: Pernicious anemia, lactose intolerance,
celiac disease, Crohn disease, acute and chronic
pancreatitis, liver failure and gastric or bariatric surgeries.
What are common symptoms
