Final Exam Flashcards
Self-concept Definition
Relatively stable perception people have of themselves
Presenting-self Definition
Image a person presents to others, may be identical or different from ideal and perceived selves
Stereotypes Definition
Generalization of people, places, events held by many people in a society
Self-serving Bias Definition
Tendency to interpret and explain info in a way that casts us in the most favorable manner
Primacy Effect Definition
Ability of one’s first impressions to color later impressions
4 Windows of Johari Window
Open: info we know and others know
Blind: info we don’t know about ourselves but others do know
Hidden: info we know but others do not
Unknown: no one knows
How does self-esteem impact the way we communicate
Those with high self esteem communicate better and have close, supportive interactions. They also are more likely to take a chance on starting a new relationship and showing affection to others
Task Oriented Listening Definition
Complete job/make decision
Relational Listening Definition
Build closeness
Analytical Listening Definition
Understand message prior to evaluation
Critical Listening Definition
Determine accuracy
Appreciative Listening Definition
Pleasure/relaxation
Supportive Listening Definition
The reception approach to use when others seek help for personal dilemmas
What are the 4 steps in analytical listening
- Listen carefully
- Explain the concept like you are talking to a child
- Consider which aspects are clear or not clear
- Review the original info to better understand details
What are the 4 types of delivery
- Extemporaneous
- Impromptu
- Manuscript
- Memorized
What are the 3 functions of a conclusion
- Restate the thesis
- Review your main points
- Provide a memorable final remark
Statistics Definition
Numbers arranged or organized to show how a fact/principle is true for a large percentage of cases
Testimony Definition
Supporting material that proves or illustrates a point by citing an authoritative source
Analogies Definition
Extended comparison that can be used as supporting material in a speech
What are the 4 rules for using statistics
- Make sure they make sense
- Make sure they are credible
- Cite them
- Effectiveness rather than ethics
What are the most common patterns of organization used for persuasive speaking
- time
- space
- topic
- problem-solution
- cause-effect
Convergence Definition
Accommodating one’s speaking style to another person
Euphemism Definition
Word to substitute a harsher word
Denotative Definition
Dictionary definition
Connotative Definition
Subjective meaning, one’s personal meaning of a word
Emblems Definition
Deliberate gestures with precise meanings, known to virtually all members of a cultural group
Illustrators Definition
Nonverbal behaviors that accompany and support verbal messages
What are the 4 types of distance
- Intimate (0-18in.)
- Personal (18in.-4ft.)
- Social (4-12ft.)
- Public (12ft. to limit of sight)
Nonverbal Definition
Messages expressed through nonlinguistic means
Nonverbal differences between men and women
Women are…
- more nonverbally expressive
- better at recognizing nonverbal behavior
- smile more
- use more hand gestures
- touch others more
- stand closer to others
- make more eye contact
Culture Definition
Language, values, beliefs, tradition, and customs that people share and learn
Uncertainty Avoidance Definition
Your ability to accept or resist uncertainty, like/dislike rules
Collectivism Definition
Focus on welfare of group, ‘we’ mentality, high context
Individualism Definition
Focus on individual, ‘I’ mentality, low context
High Power Distance Definition
Accepts power difference, parents and elderly are respected, education is teacher centered, subordinates are not consulted
Low Power Distance Definition
Believe all are equal, parents treat kids as equals, education is student centered, subordinates are consulted
Interpersonal Communication Definition
2-way interactions between people who are a part of a close and irreplaceable relationship in which they treat each other as unique individuals
Autistic Society Definition
Society at home with computers, but disadvantaged when it comes to establishing human intimacy
High-tech-high-touch Society Definition
Technologically advanced society that values interpersonal relationships
How do early definitions of interpersonal communication differ from current definitions?
Early definitions required communication to take place in person
What are some advantages of mediated interpersonal communication?
- Help people stay connected
- Feels nonthreatening
- Can be validating
- Asynchronous
- Allows us to think before we react
What are some disadvantages of mediated interpersonal communication?
- Phubbing
- Quantity over quality
What are three basic needs for fulfillment in interpersonal relationships?
- Inclusion
- Control
- Affection
Which need makes us want to start a relationship?
Inclusion
What are the 8 characteristics we used to evaluate relationship potential?
- physical attractiveness
- similarity
- balance
- reciprocal liking
- trait attraction
- self disclosure
- proximity
- rewards
What are the 8 different types of friendships?
- youthful vs mature
- short-term vs long-term
- low vs high disclosure
- doing vs being
- low vs high obligation
- frequent vs occasional contact
- same sex vs cross sex
- in-person vs mediated
Who is more critical of friendship rule violations?
Women
Who is more attracted to their cross sex friends?
Men
Family Definition
Collection of people who share affection and resources and who think of themselves and present themselves as a family
What are the 5 love languages?
- Affirming words: compliments, statements of love
- Quality time: doing things together
- Acts of Service: perform favors, do chores
- Gifts: flowers, candy, cards
- Physical Touch: hugs, holding hands, kissing
Content Messages Definition
Focus on the subject being discussed
Relational Messages Definition
Express the social relationship between two or more people
What are the stages in leading to intimacy?
- Initiating: first contact
- Experimenting: small talk
- Intensifying: “good friends”
- Integrating: coupling
- Bonding: formal commitment
What are the stages in leading to termination?
- Differentiating: regain unique identities
- Circumscribing: quality and quantity of communication decreases
- Stagnating: communication at a standstill
- Avoiding: intentionally staying away from one another
- Terminating: the end
Social Penetration Theory Definition
Describes how intimacy can be achieved via the breadth and the depth of self disclosure, relationships begin with relatively narrow breadth and shallow depth and develop over time
Depth Definition
How deeply you discuss something, personal about the topic
Breadth Definition
Number of topics you discuss with someone
Self-Disclosure Definition
Revealing to another person something about yourself he/she would not normally know
Social Exchange Theory Definition
We stay in relationships as long as the rewards outweigh the costs
Comparison Level Definition
Expectation of the kinds of rewards and profits we believe ought to derive from a relationship
Comparison Level for Alternatives Definition
Comparing of rewards derived from a current relationship with ones we expect to get from an alternative relationship
Relational Dialectic Theory Definition
Relationships oscillate between contradictory goals or desires
What are the 3 dialectics?
- connection vs autonomy
- openness vs privacy
- predictability vs novelty
Denial Definition
Deny the dialectics exist
Alternation Definition
The repeated occurrence of two things in turn
Conflict Definition
An expressed struggle between at least 2 interdependent parties who perceive incompatible goals, scarce rewards, and interference from other parties in achieving their goals
Confirming Messages Definition
Actions and words that express respect and show we value the other person
Disconfirming Messages Definition
Actions and words that express a lack of caring or respect
What are the 4 Horsemen of the Apocalypse?
- criticism
- contempt
- defensiveness
- stonewalling
Emotional State Definition
Single temporary emotional condition
Emotional Trait Definition
Persistent and stable emotion felt consistently overtime
Non-Assertion Definition
Inability or unwillingness to express one’s thoughts
Passive Aggressive Definition
Indirect aggression
Direct Aggression Definition
Expressing one’s own thoughts and feelings at another’s expense
Assertion Definition
Directly expresses senders needs without attacking the receiver
What are the 3 methods for conflict resolution?
- Win-Win (collaboration)
- Win-lose
- Lose-lose (compromise)
Small Group Definition
Small collection of people whose members interact with one another overtime in order to reach goals, usually face-to-face
Interaction Definition
Individuals who interact verbally and nonverbally, occupies certain roles with respect to one another, and cooperate to accomplish a goal
Interdependence Definition
One person’s behavior affects everyone else
Time Definition
Groups usually work together long enough to develop an identity and history
Size of Small Groups
3-20(ish)
How is a team different from a group?
A team is when members work closely together, while a group’s members can be independent from one another
Brainstorming Definition
Generates ideas, encourages creativity
Social Loafing Definition
Phenomenon of a person exerting less effort to achieve a goal when they work in a group rather than working alone
Group Rules Definition
Official guidelines for behavior
Group Norms Definition
Informal rules of interaction
Group Forming Process
- Forming: group comes together
- Storming: group experiences conflict
- Norming: group adapts
- Performing: group functions cohesively
Group Ecology Definition
Groups use of space created by seating and furniture arrangement
What are the 3 communication networks?
- Chain
- Wheel
- All-Channel
Trait Approach Definition
Certain traits make a great leader, great leaders are born
Functional Approach Definition
Views leadership as a set of behaviors that may be enacted by any group member
Situational Approach Definition
Leaders should adapt to situations, context matters, style matters
Type X Definition
Does not trust group members to work and is unconcerned with the personal achievement of group members
Type Y Definition
Displays trust in group members and is concerned with their sense of personal achievement
Laissez-Faire Definition
Passive, hands-off attitude
Democratic Definition
Decisions made in consultation with the group
Transformational Leader Definition
Lead inspires followers to act beyond self interest
According to the Minnesota studies, how do people become leaders?
Rejected Leaders: too quiet or overly talkative, leadership style that may be inappropriate for situation
Accepted Leaders: likely to participate often, show competence, be assertive, support others, provide solutions
What are the 5 decision-making models?
- Consensus
- Majority rule
- Minority control
- Expert opinion
- Authority rule
Group Think Definition
An illusion of agreement, type of thinking that occurs when a group strives to minimize conflict, maximize cohesiveness, and reach consensus without testing, analyzing, and evaluating ideas
