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Communications > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the linear model of communication?

A

It has a sender, message, and receiver

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2
Q

What is the interactional model of communication?

A

It has a sender, message, receiver, and feedback/response

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3
Q

What is the transactional model of communication?

A

It has a sender, message, receiver, feedback/response, constant loop, multiple channels, noise, field of experience, and context

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4
Q

What is the definition of communication?

A

The process of creating meaning through symbolic interaction

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5
Q

What are the 6 types of communication?

A
  • intrapersonal
  • interpersonal
  • small group
  • organizational
  • public
  • mass communication
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6
Q

What are the elements of communication?

A
  • senders
  • receivers
  • messages
  • channels
  • noise
  • context
  • feedback
  • effect
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7
Q

Explain the four types of noise

A
  • physical: external noises
  • physiological: biological barrier, like hearing loss
  • psychological: mental barrier, like bias
  • semantic: each person assigning a different meaning to the same message
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8
Q

What are the principles of communication?

A
  • dynamic
  • does not always require complete understanding
  • unrepeatable and irreversible
  • no opposite
  • affected by culture
  • influenced by ethics
  • competence based
  • transformed by media/technology
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9
Q

What are four functions of communication?

A
  • physical: mental and physical health
  • identity: relationships with others shape who we are
  • social: pleasure, control, affection
  • practical: work, relationships, persuasion
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10
Q

How do social media and face-to-face communication differ?

A

Social media: less formal, no nonverbal cues
Face to face: rich conversation, transitory

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11
Q

What is the definition of self-concept?

A

Relatively stable perception people have of themselves

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12
Q

What is the definition of self image?

A

Who you perceive yourself to be

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13
Q

What is the definition of self esteem?

A

How well you like/value yourself

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14
Q

What is the definition of self awareness?

A

Ability to reflect on and monitor one’s own behavior

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15
Q

What is the looking-glass self?

A

Others reveal an image of yourself through their behaviors

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16
Q

What are social comparisons?

A

Pygmalion effect: a principle that we fulfill the expectations of others

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17
Q

What are attachment styles?

A

How parents treat their children

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18
Q

What are the four attachment styles?

A

Secure, dismissive, anxious-resistent, and fearful

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19
Q

What is the definition of self-fulfilling prophecy?

A

Prediction/expectation that comes true simply because one acts like it is true/will come true (manifesting)

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20
Q

What are the four aspects of the Johari window?

A
  • open: info we know and others know
  • blind: info we don’t know about ourself but others do know
  • hidden: info we know but others don’t
  • unknown: no one knows
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21
Q

What is the definition of impression management?

A

Strategies used by communicators to influence the way others view them

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22
Q

What is the definition of self-enhancement?

A

Strategy used to manage the impressions others have of one’s self by bolstering one’s image

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23
Q

What is the definition of front stage behavior?

A

What we show others, may not be true personalities

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24
Q

What is the definition of face?

A

Socially approved identity that a communicator tries to present

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25
Q

What are the three tips to managing self on social media?

A

Be authentic, moderate use, be positive

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26
Q

What is the definition of perception?

A

Process by which we make sense out of an experience

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27
Q

What is the definition of selective perception?

A

Means of interpreting experience in a way that conform to one’s beliefs, expectations, and convictions

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28
Q

What are the three stages in the selection process?

A

Selection, organization, interpretation

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29
Q

What is the definition of the figure-ground principle?

A

Strategy to help organize stimuli around us by focusing on different stimuli alternatively

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30
Q

What is the definition of closure?

A

Means we used to perceive a complete world

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31
Q

What is the definition of contrast?

A

Being very different in appearance

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32
Q

What is the definition of constructivism?

A

Theory that explains how we organize and interpret experiences by applying cognitive structures called schemata

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33
Q

What is the definition of schemata?

A

Organized knowledge structures

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34
Q

What is the definition of selective exposure?

A

Tendency to expose oneself to info that reinforces thinking

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35
Q

What is the definition of the halo effect?

A

When we like/love someone we tend to perceive primarily their positive qualities

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36
Q

What is the definition of the horn effect?

A

When our perception of another changes for the worst, we are more likely to see only their negative qualities

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37
Q

What is the definition of primacy/regency?

A

Ability of one’s first impressions to color later impressions

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38
Q

What is the definition of stereotypes?

A

Generalization about people, places, and events held by many people in a society

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39
Q

What is the definition of allness?

A

Incorrect belief that any one person can know all there is to know about anything

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40
Q

What is the definition of blindering?

A

Process where one unconsciously adds restrictions that limits one’s capabilities

41
Q

What is the definition of self-serving bias?

A

Tendency to interpret and explain info in a way that casts us in the most favorable manner

42
Q

What is the definition of co-culture?

A

Members of the same general culture that differ in some ethnic or sociological way from parent culture

43
Q

What is the definition of culture?

A

Language, values, beliefs, tradition, and customs that people share and learn

44
Q

What is the definition of intercultural communication?

A

Interaction with individuals from different cultures

45
Q

What is the definition of enculturation?

A

You learn the culture you were born into

46
Q

What is the definition of acculturation?

A

You learn a culture that is different than your own

47
Q

What are the variables that affect how quickly we learn a new culture?

A
  • similarity of cultures
  • age
  • education
  • risk taker
  • open minded
  • familiarity with the culture
48
Q

What three strategies do people use to adjust to a new culture?

A

Assimilation, accommodation, and separation

49
Q

What is the definition of ethnocentrism?

A

Evaluation of other cultures according to one’s preconceptions

50
Q

What is the definition of cultural relativism?

A

Position that there is no universal standard to measure cultures

51
Q

What are the four stages in culture shock?

A

Honeymoon, crisis, recovery, and adjustment

52
Q

What is the definition of cultural dialects?

A

Subgroups of language in one location, how people speak (accents)

53
Q

What is the definition of individualism?

A

Focus on individual, “I” mentality, autonomy, low context

54
Q

What is the definition of collectivism?

A

Focus on welfare of the group, “we” mentality, tradition/duty, high context

55
Q

What is the definition of language?

A

Collection of symbols, governed by rules, used to convey messages

56
Q

What is the definition of denotative meanings?

A

Dictionary definition

57
Q

What is the definition of connotative meanings?

A

Subjective definition, one’s personal meaning of a word

58
Q

What is the definition of snarl words?

A

Highly negative connotation

59
Q

What is the definition of purr words?

A

Highly positive connotation

60
Q

How are meanings of words and phrases within people?

A

One person can have different meanings for words with different groups of people

61
Q

What is the definition of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis?

A

Labels we use help shape the way we think, our worldview, and behavior

62
Q

What is the definition of linguistic relativism?

A

Language influences the way we experience the world

63
Q

What is the definition of euphemisms?

A

Word to substitute a harsher word

64
Q

What is the definition of qualifiers?

A

Word/phrase to attribute a quality to another word (adjective)

65
Q

What is the definition of tag questions?

A

Question put on the end of a statement (it’s nice out, isn’t it?)

66
Q

What is the definition of disclaimer?

A

Statement that denies responsibility

67
Q

What is the definition of convergence?

A

Accommodating one’s speaking style to another person

68
Q

What are the functions of nonverbal communication?

A
  • reinforcement/repetition
  • contradiction
  • substitution
  • complementation
  • accentuation/intensification
  • regulation
  • deception
69
Q

What is the definition of hearing?

A

Involuntary, sound goes in and out, no comprehension

70
Q

What is the definition of listening?

A

Deliberate, receiving and understanding info

71
Q

At what efficiency rate do we listen?

72
Q

What are the five types of listening?

A
  • task oriented: complete job/make decision
  • relational: build closeness
  • analytical: understand message prior to evaluation
  • critical: determine accuracy
  • appreciative: pleasure/relaxation
73
Q

What are the five steps in the model of listening?

A

Hearing, attending, understanding, responding, and remembering

74
Q

What factors might lead to poor listening?

A
  • message overload
  • rapid thought
  • psychological noise
  • physical noise
  • hearing problems
  • cultural differences
  • media influences
75
Q

What is the definition of red flag words?

A

Trigger emotional deafness, dropping listening to zero

76
Q

What is the definition of speech-thought differential?

A

Difference between speaking and thinking rates (speaking= 125-150 wpm, thinking= 500 wpm)

77
Q

What is the definition of pseudo listeners?

A

Pretending to listen

78
Q

What is the definition of stage hog?

A

Talking instead of listening

79
Q

What is the definition of completers?

A

Gap filler

80
Q

What is the definition of selective listening?

A

Focusing on certain parts of the message

81
Q

What is the definition of insulated listening?

A

Like wearing earmuffs

82
Q

What is the definition of defensive listening?

A

Perceiving the message as hostile

83
Q

What is the definition of ambusher?

A

Listening for error to attack

84
Q

What is the definition of insensitive listening?

A

Not paying attention to emotion, only the words

85
Q

What are the four types of social support?

A
  • emotional: expression of empathy, love, trust, and caring
  • instrumental: aid and services
  • informational: advice, suggestions, and info
  • appraisal: info that is useful for self evaluation
86
Q

What is the definition of non-verbal communication?

A

Messages expressed through non-linguistic means

87
Q

What percentage of social meaning in a message is attributed to nonverbal communication?

88
Q

What is the definition of kinesics?

A

Facial expressions, posture, and gestures

89
Q

What is the definition of paralanguage?

A

Voice, pitch, volume, rate, disfluencies, and silence

90
Q

What is the definition of appearance?

A

Physical attractiveness, clothing, personal adornments, and influences first impressions

91
Q

What is the definition of haptics?

92
Q

What is the definition of proxemics?

A

Space and/or distance

93
Q

What is the definition of chronemics?

A

Time and/or meaning of time

94
Q

What are the four types of distance?

A
  • intimate (0-18 in)
  • personal (18 in-4 ft)
  • social (4-12 ft)
  • public (12 ft to limit of sight)
95
Q

What are the three types of territory?

A
  • primary: area that is yours alone
  • secondary: area associated with you, not owned by you
  • public: area used by all people
96
Q

What is the definition of monochronic?

A

Punctuality and schedules

97
Q

What is the definition of polychronic?

A

Flexibility and pursuing multiple tasks at once

98
Q

What is the definition of expectancy violation theory?

A

Communicators have expectations about nonverbal behavior, positive violations produce favorable communication outcomes, negative violations produce non-favorable outcomes

Communications (2 decks)

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