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PSYC 2400 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Mass murderers

A

Have 4+ victims, no cooling off period, and kill in a single location. Divided into three categories: classic, family, felony.

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2
Q

Classic (public) mass murderers

A

Are male, young, and commit suicide. Extensive planning goes into their crimes and they average about 8.37 victims. They are depressed, frustrated, angry, and socially isolated. Their crimes are motivated by revenge, power, and hate, and their targets are symbolic of their anger.

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3
Q

Family mass murderers

A

Are the most common type (48%). They average 4.55 victims and are older males. They believe they are protecting their family from hardship. Victims are more often children.

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4
Q

Spree murderers (rapid sequence offenders)

A

Murder in 2+ locations and have 2+ victims. These crimes are a single event and their crimes do not have a cooling-off period.

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5
Q

Serial murderers

A

Have 2+ killings (previously 3) in different locations and separate events. Cooling-off period present.

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6
Q

Characteristics of US serial killers

A

Are generally 25-40 year-old white (52%) males (84%). They are of average intelligence and from troubled backgrounds. They tend to act alone and are geographically stable. Have an average of 4 unrelated, vulnerable female victims. Crimes are motivated by enjoyment, financial gain and anger. Methods are most often shooting, strangulation, and stabbing.

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7
Q

MMIWG epidemic

A

Indigenous women 7x more likely to be targeted by serial killers. Targets of domestic violence and reports go uninvestigated. 2021 231 calls to action.

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8
Q

Holmes and Holmes victim types

A

Visionary, mission-oriented, power/control-oriented, hedonistic

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9
Q

Criticisms of Holmes and Holmes typology

A

Overlap of types, lack of empirical scrutiny (typology generated from case files), and cannot explain changing motives

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10
Q

Risk factors for serial killing

A

Psychopathy, troubled backgrounds

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11
Q

Psychopathy and serial killing

A

While serial killers are often described as psychopathic, they are not all psychopaths. 90% number is likely inflated.

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12
Q

MacDonald triad

A

Triad of early childhood behaviours which are potential precursors to antisocial behaviour as an adult. Fire setting, enuresis (bed-wetting), and animal abuse.

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13
Q

Hickey (2002)’s trauma control model

A

Assumes equifinality. The combination of certain predisposition factors and early traumatic events interact with other factors to “create” a serial killer

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14
Q

Psychopathy

A

Refers to a collection of high level of traits, including: affective features, interpersonal traits, lifestyle features, and anti-social features.

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15
Q

Affective features of psychopathy

A

Callous, remorseless, no felt responsibility, disaffiliated, unempathetic

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16
Q

Interpersonal traits of psychopathy

A

Manipulative, grandiose, superficial charm, deceptive, dominant

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17
Q

Lifestyle features of psychopathy

A

Impulsivity, irresponsibility, need for stimulation, parasitic orientation, lack of realistic goals

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18
Q

Antisocial features

A

Early behaviour problems, delinquency, criminal versatility, failure to follow through on consequences, poor behavioural control

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19
Q

How common is psychopathy?

A

Less than 1% prevalence in general community, 4% of CEOs, 10-20% of incarcerated population, 10% of incarcerated child molesters, 35% of incarcerated rapists.

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20
Q

Adversarial allegiance

A

Tendency of forensic experts to form opinions in a manner that better supports the side that hired them

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21
Q

Reactive violence

A

Refers to unplanned violence. Generally crimes of passion resulting from extreme provocation.

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22
Q

Instrumental violence

A

Refers to planned violence, with the intent to settle a score. Crimes are generally cold-blooded.

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23
Q

Costs of violence and antisociality

A
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24
Q

According to Brazil and Forth (2020), does psychopathy involve appearing attractive during interactions?

A

Men higher in physical attractiveness received higher attractiveness ratings, as did men higher in psychopathy, who received higher attractiveness ratings.

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25
Q

Rice et al.’s 1992 treatment study

A

Treatment was associated with reduced violent recidivism in non psychopaths, but increased violent recidivism in psychopaths.

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26
Q

Psychopaths in treatment

A

Do not believe they need treatment, are more likely to drop-out of treatment, and more likely to be disruptive during group therapy

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27
Q

Youth intervention for psychopathy

A

Some youth treatments are very promising (Multisystemic therapy, compassion-focused therapy) and seem more helpful

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28
Q

Reidy et al. (2015) on prevention

A

Multiple individual and environmental levels to target before problematic traits and behaviour becomes full-blown psychopathy (child, parents and family, neighbourhood and community, broader social values and norms)

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29
Q

Stages of memory

A

Seeing/perceiving, encoding, storage, retrieval

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30
Q

Yerkes-Dodson law

A

Some stress is optimal, but not too much

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31
Q

Factors that effect perception stage

A

Change blindness and stress (Yerkes-Dodson law)

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32
Q

Change blindness

A

Occurs when a change in visual stimulus is introduced but viewer does not notice it

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33
Q

Encoding stage of memory

A

Information is converted for storage

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34
Q

Factors that affect encoding stage

A

Attention, unexpectedness, witness involvement, state of the witness

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35
Q

Storage stage of memory

A

Information retained in memory

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36
Q

Retrieval stage of memory

A

Information retrieved from memory

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37
Q

Recall memory

A

Reporting details of a previously witnessed event/person

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38
Q

Recognition memory

A

Reporting whether current information is the same as previous information (eg: lineups)

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39
Q

Factors affecting retrieval stage of memory

A

Inferences, stereotypes, partisanship, scripts/schemas, emotional factors, context effects, time, post-event information

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40
Q

Use of independent variables in the study of eyewitness issues

A

Use of estimator and system variables

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41
Q

Estimator variables

A

Are present at the time of the crime and cannot be changed

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42
Q

System variables

A

Variables that can be manipulated to increase or decrease

43
Q

Hypnosis as a method of aiding eyewitness memory

A

Can increase amount of details, but these details are not necessarily accurate. The hypnotized person becomes more suggestible.

44
Q

Cognitive interviewing as a method of aiding eyewitness memory

A

30% increase to amount of accurate information retrieval

45
Q

Cognitive interviewing

A

Mental reinstatement of context, report everything, recall of event in different order, change of perspective

46
Q

Variables used to measure the accuracy of memory

A

Accuracy, type of errors

47
Q

Police questioning

A

Questioning of witnesses with the goal of collecting complete and accurate information

48
Q

Fisher et al. (1987) found that police officers…

A

Interrupted witnesses often, asked short, specific questions/off-topic question/leading questions. These findings are replicated with recent research.

49
Q

Main findings of Loftus & Palmer’s research on impact of poor questioning (1974)

A

Wording of questions (“smashed” vs other words caused higher speeds to be reported) matters

50
Q

Misinformation acceptance hypothesis

A

People guess, try to appease experimenter

51
Q

Source misattribution hypothesis

A

Can recall both memories (accurate and inaccurate) but can’t differentiate between them

52
Q

Memory impairment hypothesis

A

Original memory replaced with new, incorrect memory

53
Q

Morgan et. al’s 2013 POW misinformation experiment

A

861 US military personnel confined to mock POW camp underwent a hostile, aggressive interrogation. Afterward, they were assigned to misinformation or one of the three kinds of misinformation, and shown a photo of their interrogator, then asked leading questions regarding their glasses, telephone and weapon.

54
Q

Results of Morgan et al. (2013)’s misinformation experiment

A

91% of misinformed participants gave a false ID

55
Q

Misinformation and memory in high-stress situations, according to Morgan et al. (2013)

A

Human memory for realistic, recently experienced stress is subject to substantial error. Stressful events is also highly vulnerable to modification by exposure to misinformation. Even without misinformation, half of us would mis-identify a subject in a stressful environment

56
Q

Enhanced cognitive interviewing

A

Includes principles of social dynamics in the memory retrieval principles used in Cognitive Interviewing. Additionally includes rapport-building, supportive interviewer behaviour, transfer of control, focused retrieval, and witness-compatible trading

57
Q

Simultaneous lineups

A

Preset all members at the same time, relies on relative judgment

58
Q

Sequential lineups

A

Presents members one at a time, relies on absolute judgment

59
Q

Simultaneous vs sequential lineups

A

Mixed findings, but most suggest more correct rejections occur for sequential lineups.

60
Q

Show-up lineup

A

Only suspect is shown to witness. Witness is aware of police view of suspect, can result in bias.

61
Q

Walk-by lineup

A

Conducted in a natural environment, where witness is taken to area where suspect is likely to be.

62
Q

American guidelines for improvement of line-ups

A
  1. The person conducting the lineup or photo array should not know which
    person is the suspect.
  2. Witnesses should be told that the perpetrator may not be present in the
    lineup
  3. The suspect should not differ from foils based on witnesses description
    (match to description strategy)
  4. Witness’ confidence should be assessed prior to feedback
63
Q

Canadian guidelines for improvement of line-ups

A
  1. Photo lineups should be videotaped.
  2. Inform witnesses that clearing innocent suspects and identifying
    guilty ones are equally important.
  3. Lineup should be presented sequentially.
  4. Officers should not provide feedback.
64
Q

Video surveillance

A

Errors are still coming (disguises, lighting, quality)

65
Q

Voice identification

A

Accuracy increases when there is a longer voice sample and no accent. Accuracy decreases when there is whispering or emotion, more foils, and target voice occurs later in lineup.

66
Q

Jury functions

A

Apply the law and render a verdict, protect against out of date laws, create a sense of community conscience, increase knowledge of justice system

67
Q

Summary offence

A

Minor, sentence of under 6 months/fine of under 2,000$, tried by a judge alone

68
Q

Indictable offence

A

Serious offences which can be tried by judge alone or by a jury

69
Q

Hybrid offence

A

Crown decides

70
Q

Jury Act

A

Outlines how juries are selected; with random names drawn from the community, who receive summons and arrive at court. The jury for a criminal case is made up of twelve members, whereas a civil case’s jury has six members.

71
Q

Peremptory challenge

A

No reason provided, only 20 people allowed

72
Q

Challenge for cause

A

Lawyer must give reason

73
Q

Scientific jury selection

A

Not possible in Canada, but two approaches in US (Broad-based and case specific)

74
Q

Broad based approach to scientific jury selection

A

Crown looks for people high on authoritarianism and dogmatism during voir-dire

75
Q

Case specific approach to scientific jury selection

A

Case-specific questionnaire created and administered to develop profile of ideal juror

76
Q

R v Nepoose (1991)

A

The defendant was an Indigenous woman. The jury composition for her trial was successfully challenged for having too few women.

77
Q

R v Nahdee (1993)

A

The jury was successfully challenged for improperly excluding people living on a native reserve.

78
Q

R v Guess (1998)

A

Juror for Peter Gill’s murder trial became connected outside of the courtroom, and engaged in a sexual relationship. Gill was found not guilty! Guess and Gill were changed with obstruction of justice.

79
Q

R v Murrin (1998)

A

Macdonald and Murrin’s relationship started (allegedly) after the trial was over.

80
Q

Impartiality

A

Jury can have no pre-existing biases, must ignore inadmissible evidence, and can have no connection to defendant.

81
Q

Threats to impartiality

A

Pre-trial publicity creates exposure to negative publicity, which leads to more guilty verdicts. Even in cases of positive pre-trial publicity, jurors cannot ignore information, even if it is inadmissible.

82
Q

Three options to overcome bias

A

Change in venue, adjournment, challenge for cause

83
Q

Process of reaching a verdict

A

Jury selection, listening to evidence, disregarding inadmissible evidence, judge’s instructions, deliberations, the final verdict

84
Q

Note-taking in listening to evidence

A

Facilitate memory and understanding, provides an accurate record, and does not have undue influence. However, note-takers exert too much influence and juries may rely too heavily on note-taking.

85
Q

Disregarding inadmissible evidence

A

Jurors may not actually disregard (backfire effect) but can if given a logical reason.

86
Q

Judge’s instructions

A

Outline the application of the law to the facts

87
Q

Mathematical models of decision-making

A

Jury making a set of mental calculations, with a weight assigned to each specific piece of evidence

88
Q

Explanation-based models of decision-making

A

The evidence is organized into a coherent whole, which is more consistent with how jurors generally make decisions

89
Q

Jury nullification

A

Widely acknowledged as something juries have the power to do. Defence lawyers do not have the power to alert juries about this possibility. Juries’ ignorance of the law, when they feel the law is unfair or that the punishment is too harsh.

90
Q

Methods of jury research

A

Archival records, stimulation techniques, field research, post-trial interviews

91
Q

Archival records

A

Have high external validity, but no control over data collection, no cause-effect and researchers cannot go back for more information

92
Q

Stimulation techniques

A

High internal validity, and ability to determine cause and effect. However, can be artificial and generally only use students.

93
Q

Field research

A

High external validity, but permission is required. Semi-control.

94
Q

Post-trial interviews

A

Illegal in Canada, high external validity, many problems (social desirability bias, forget, don’t know, inaccurate recall) and can’t establish cause and effect.

95
Q

CSI effect

A

Jurors want physical evidence

96
Q

Final verdict

A

Unanimous vote required in Canada, but majority OK in US/UK, first poll of jury is highly predictive.

97
Q

Racial bias

A

More guilty verdicts for other race

98
Q

Black sheep effect

A

Weak evidence results in lenient response, strong evidence results in punitive response

99
Q

Dynamic actuarial tools

A

Are sometimes referred to as risk/needs scale. They share all advantages of actuarial scales, are theoretically relevant and practically useful. However, they are resource intensive and have lower interrater reliability for dynamic factors rather than actuarial factors (HCR-20)

100
Q

Actuarial tools

A

Are consistent, easy-to-use, but have no theoretical base. Items are static and unchangeable, and the tools themselves are nomothetic (Static 99R)

101
Q

LSI-R

A

Actuarial tool assessing risk using points

102
Q

HCR-20

A

No total score, clinician decides

103
Q

Structured Professional Judgment

A

Includes dynamic and static risk factors, theoretically relevant and practically useful. Flexible. Vulnerable to bias, no predicted recidivism rates, unclear risk judgment. Specialized scales perform best.

104
Q

Does it matter which risk assessment a clinician picks?

A

Different methods for different people, designed to predict different outcomes, not all can perform interventions. Clinicians should pick assessment tools they are trained to use, have enough time for, and are consistent.

PSYC 2400 (2 decks)

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