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PSYC 2400 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Forensic psychology

A

How can psychology improve the justice system? Psychology IN, AND, and OF the law.

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2
Q

Four ways of knowledge

A

Experience, intuition, authority, and research

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3
Q

Experience as a way of knowing

A

Is easy and direct, but can result in confounding bias (for example, victims of crime believing there are lots of crime). Direct observation and personal sensory experience create knowledge.

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4
Q

Intuition as a way of knowing

A

Acceptance of beliefs as fact based on gut feeling. However, we have biases in our intuition.

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5
Q

Authority as a way of knowing

A

Acceptance of ideas because they come from a reliable source. However, these ideas can be drawn from the authority themself’s flawed ways of knowing.

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6
Q

Scientific method of knowing

A

Acquisition of information through measurement of variables. Hypothesis formed from a research question, which must be testable through empirical observations. Influenced by funding, sampling, and general human bias.

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7
Q

Theories of crime

A

Biological, sociological, psychological

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8
Q

Biological theories of crime

A

Impact on crime of genes, toxins, hormones, and brain damage.

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9
Q

Sociological theories of crime

A

Impact on crime of lack of resources/means to gain resources, learning through social interactions. Idea that crime is a socially-created construct, varying across time and countries.

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10
Q

Psychological theories of crime

A

Anti-sociality levels, extraversion, low self-control due psychological features. Crime is learnt.

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11
Q

Three levels of policing

A

National (RCMP), Provincial, Municipal

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12
Q

Availability heuristic

A

Using information that comes to mind quickly. If the information is more memorable, it holds more influence.

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13
Q

Anchoring heuristic

A

New information is assessed through the lens of old information.

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14
Q

Police selection

A

Screening out and selecting in of applicant. Applicants are assessed via physical/cognitive ability, medical readiness, personality assessments, interviews, and background checks.

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15
Q

Two stages of police selection

A

Job analysis and construction/validation

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16
Q

Job analysis (police selection)

A

Definition of knowledge, skills, and abilities of a good officer

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17
Q

Construction/validation (police selection)

A

Develop an instrument to measure KSAs and ensure they are related to performance

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18
Q

Issues with police selection

A

KSAs over time are not necessarily stable, and different KSAs are required for different jobs, but there is disagreement on which KSAs fit which role

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19
Q

Racial profiling

A

Most cited instance of misuse of police discretion; police action and disproportionate policing based on race

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20
Q

Interrogation vs interviewing

A

Accusatorial vs information-gathering

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21
Q

Reid technique

A

Interrogation technique involving three stages. Confrontational.

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22
Q

Police discretion

A

Practice of allowing police to exercise their discretion in enforcement- level of force, choosing to arrest or resolve complaints informally. Helpful with youth crime and individuals with mental health concerns.

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23
Q

Police stress

A

Includes occupational stressors (human suffering, shift work), intra-organizational stressors (paperwork, lack of career advancement//resources), inter-organizational stressors (jurisdictional stressors, court, recidivism)

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24
Q

Defunding the police

A

Redefinition of role of police and subsequent re-allocation of funds consistent with that definition. Money is generally redirected to social services and prevention efforts.

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25
Q

Reid, stage 1

A

Gathering of evidence, interviewing of witnesses and victims

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26
Q

Reid, stage 2

A

Non-accusatorial interviews assessing deception. Can stop here.

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27
Q

Maximization techniques (Reid)

A

“Bad cop” tactics: yelling, physical closeness, blaming, interruption, maximizing consequences, and threats

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28
Q

Reid, stage 3

A

9 step coercive interview, aimed at breaking down a suspect and getting them to confess. Involves maximization and minimization techniques. Can last hours.

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29
Q

Minimization techniques (Reid)

A

“Good cop” techniques: promising leniency, offering charitable explanations

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30
Q

Limitations of Reid technique

A

Presumption of guilt, confirmation bias, difficulty of deception detection (training only increases confidence)

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31
Q

Lasting negative effects of the Reid technique

A

Inadmissible confessions due to coercive tactics, PTSD, resentment on the part of the suspect, undermining of public confidence, boomerang effect (suspect would have confessed), less correct information

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32
Q

Police interviewing

A

Information gathering from witnesses, victims, suspects, wherein intent is proven and missing details are filled in.

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33
Q

PEACE model of police interviewing

A

Planning/preparation, Engage/explain, Account, Closure, Evaluation (UK, 1992) of interviewing

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34
Q

Planning and preparation stage of PEACE

A

First stage, involving assessment of interviewee characteristics (age/mental status), and their contributions to investigation. Looking for questions investigators want to ask, and creation of aims/objectives.

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35
Q

Engaging and explanation stage of PEACE

A

Second stage, involving introduction of investigators, building of rapport, addressing of needs (bathroom/water), establishment of legal rights and reason for interview.

36
Q

Account stage of PEACE

A

Third stage, involving free dialogue and probing (open, probe, summarize tactic), and challenging of suspect if needed using an evidence/inquisition approach.

37
Q

Closure stage of PEACE

A

Fourth stage.

38
Q

Evaluation stage of PEACE

A

Consideration of information gained and re-evaluation of recorded material.

39
Q

PEACE vs Reid

A

PEACE and REID garner the same level of confessions, however PEACE does not attempt to detect deception and not using coercive tactics, and is generally not focused on confessions.

40
Q

PIM (Phase-interviewing model)

A

Hyprid of accusatory and non-accusatory techniques, persuasion in PIM is thought to be essential, and there are (unfounded) claims that PIM works very well

41
Q

Mr. Big

A

Undercover officer poses as gang member and suspect is encouraged to confess to various crimes in order to impress fictitious gang leader as a form of insurance.

42
Q

Limitations of Mr. Big

A

Confessions can still be used, but confessions are presumably inadmissible

43
Q

Interview factors in false confessions

A

False evidence/witnesses, accusatory techniques, and minimization techniques (leniency promises)

44
Q

Interviewee factors in false confessions

A

Mental health issues (particularly ADHD), negative life events, youth, state of anxiety, low IQ, compliance/suggestibility, sleep deprivation

45
Q

Voluntary false confessions

A

Done while suspect is aware confession is false. Motivated by a morbid desire for notoriety, mental health issues, need to receive punishment, and a need to protect someone else (specifically when it comes to youth)

46
Q

Coerced-compliant false confessions

A

Results from a desire to escape (suspect is aware they did not commit the crime). Done to gain a promised benefit.

47
Q

Coerced-internalized false confessions

A

Suspect is not aware they did not commit the crime. Occurs to suggestive interviewing techniques causing the suspect to believe they are guilty. Risk factors include mental health issues, substance abuse, anxiety, confusion, sleep-deprivation and a lower IQ.

48
Q

Canadian admissibility criteria for confessions

A

Must be voluntarily-given by a competent individual. Overt coercion in obtaining these confessions is unacceptable, but subtle coercion is allowed.

49
Q

Conversion disorder

A

Presentation of neurological symptoms, unintentionally produced in response to life stressors. Brain signals short-circuit, often resulting in weakness in the limbs. Symptoms must be treated along with the underlying cause, as conversion disorder is a physical symptom of anxiety.

50
Q

Akane is able to talk a suspect with a crime coefficient over 300 down to an acceptable value for arrest, believing the spike to be temporary. This is an example of what?

A

Police discretion

51
Q

Chief Kasei believes that Ginoza might become a criminal like his father, due to a possible causal relationship between genes and crime coefficients. Chief Kasei believes in a ___________ theory of crime.

A

Biological theory of crime

52
Q

Kogami’s crime coefficient shot up after an Enforcer under his command was murdered. This is an example of a(n) _____________ stressor.

A

Occupational stressor (human suffering, shift work)

53
Q

Mika is extremely upset over the fact that the Foreign Affairs Ministry wants jurisdiction over a case the MWPSB was investigating. Mika is experiencing a(n) ________________ police stressor.

A

Inter-organizational stressor (jurisdiction)

54
Q

Kogami knows that violent offenders often hurt people they already know. In searching for a suspect, he looks toward people the victims both knew. Kogami is engaging in ___________ profiling.

A

Inductive profiling

55
Q

Shion uses a circle drawn around the location of certain criminals to pinpoint where a suspect might live and places a point of interest directly in the middle, for where the suspect might live. Shion is engaging in ________________________ profiling.

A

Geographic profiling

56
Q

Factitious disorders

A

Intentional production of false symptoms for internal motivation.

57
Q

Verbal deception cues include

A

Fewer details, less compelling accounts, tend not to correct their stories, and will not admit to not remembering. Liars use higher-pitched voices and speech fillers. They speak slowly.

58
Q

Non-verbal deception cues include

A

Fewer nodding, foot/leg, hand movements.

59
Q

Rossi assumes that a suspect is lying because they cannot make eye contact and fidget when spoken to. Why is his assumption incorrect?

A

Fidgeting and weak eye contact is not an indicator of lying.

60
Q

Akane combs through interview footage of a suspect in order to assess their facial expressions, second by second, during an interview. What is she looking for and why?

A

Leakage cues: micro-expressions of about half a second or less, which are critical to emotional intelligence and deception detection.

61
Q

Can professionals detect deception?

A

56% overall deception detection accuracy! With low-stakes deception: 55%, but with high-stakes, 72% (compared to 68% of civilians)

62
Q

The case of Dee Dee Blanchard, who successfully produced false symptoms in her daughter Gypsy Rose, is a famous example of _________________ by _________.

A

Factitious disorder by proxy

63
Q

Factitious disorder

A

Intentional production of physiological or psychological symptoms for an internal motivation (ex: attention), lacking insight into underlying cause. Difficult to treat and chronic.

64
Q

Malingering

A

Intentional production of false symptoms for external motivation to avoid punishment or work/school duties, gain drugs or financial goods

65
Q

Theories of malingering

A

Pathogenic, adaptational, criminological

66
Q

Prentiss believes her suspect is lying because of a pre-existing mental disorder or for control. Prentiss is using a ________________ theory of malingering.

A

Pathogenic

67
Q

Adaptational theories of malingering state that

A

People lie to avoid adverse conditions or when personal stakes are high.

68
Q

Derek thinks the thirty-four year-old female patient is malingering when she comes to him seeking a diagnosis for a brain tumour she states she has. The patient is currently in trouble with the law, refuses to provide blood samples, is diagnosed with ASPD and does not actually seem to be in that much pain. Why does Derek believe she is malingering?

A

Medico-legal context, marked discrepancy between feelings and reality, lack of cooperation, ASPD diagnosis

69
Q

ViCLAS

A

System for linking crimes aimed at preventing linkage blindness. Developed in Canada.

70
Q

Ginoza infers that a suspect must be unemployed, since his style of offending can be categorized as disorganized. Ginoza is engaging in _____________ profiling.

A

Inductive

71
Q

James Cattell

A

First research on eyewitness testimony at Columbia University, found that university students’ answers to questions about weather were inaccurate, and so was their confidence about such answers (no relationship found)

72
Q

Alfred Binet

A

Found that children were highly susceptible to suggestive questioning techniques. Found that free recall was most effective.

73
Q

William Stern

A

Found that witnesses were highly suggestible- eyewitness recall. Concluded that high emotional arousal had negative impact on recall.

74
Q

Dr. Saiga is called to the stand to provide expert testimony. In this instance, he is acting as a forensic psychologist in the role of a ______________.

A

Clinician

75
Q

Dr. Lewis designs a study to evaluate how juries make decisions. In this instance, she is acting as a forensic psychologist in the role of a ______________.

A

Researcher

76
Q

In acting as legal scholars, forensic psychologists engage in…

A

Scholarly analyses of mental health law and psychologically oriented legal movements

77
Q

Psychology in the law

A

Expert testimony, psychologists assisting police

78
Q

Psychology of the law

A

Use of psychology to study the law itself

79
Q

Psychology and the law

A

Asking questions such as “Are eyewitnesses accurate?” “Do certain interrogation techniques cause people to falsely confess?” “Are judges fair in the way they hand down sentences?”

80
Q

Expert witness

A

A witness who provides the court with information (often an opinion on a particular matter) that assists the court in understanding an issue of relevance to a case

81
Q

General acceptance test

A

A standard for accepting expert testimony, which states that expert testimony will be admissible in court if the basis of the testimony is generally accepted within the relevant scientific community

82
Q

Mohan criteria

A

Evidence provided by the expert witness must be relevant, necessary, cannot violate any other rules of exclusion, and provided by a qualified expert.

83
Q

Representativeness heuristic

A

Judgment based on how similar something is to our mental prototype

84
Q

The MWPSB are considering introducing Body-Worn Cameras (BWC) for Enforcers. What might the limitations of BWCs be for its staff?

A

Camera positioning, inability to take into account physiological indicators of stress, mistaken belief of objectivity?

85
Q

Body-worn cameras

A

Not intended for use in: intimate searches, 24-hour recording, surveillance,

86
Q

Yayoi is frustrated that Rina was recently released from rehab, even though she committed multiple acts of terrorism. Yayoi is experiencing a(n) ________________ stressor.

A

Criminal justice stressor

87
Q

Ignatov does not usually disclose his occupation outside of work, as many of the people in his community do not have a favourable view of police. Ignatov is experiencing a(n) _____________ stressor.

A

Public stressor

PSYC 2400 (2 decks)

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