FINAL EXAM Flashcards
What are the parts of introduction?
Introductory paragraphs as background
of the study
a. Statement of the Problem
b. Objectives of the Study
c. Hypothesis ( if applicable)
d. Theoretical or Conceptual Frameworks
of the study
e. Significance of the Study
f. Time and Place of the Study
g. Scope and Limitation of the Study
f. Definition of Term
Written in inverted pyramid on top
of the page, all in uppercase,
single space and in boldface
Proposed Study Title
Found
10 to 12 single spaces away from
the thesis title written in paragraph
heading style and in single space
Submission Statement
Written 10 single spaces away from
the submission statement in paragraph heading style also in single space
Degree Statement
In uppercase and in boldface and
should be 10 to 12 single spaces away
from the degree statement, should
be arranged in alphabetical order
Author’s or Author’s name
written one single space below the author’s name
Month and years of expected completion
along with the letterhead centered on top of page
University Logo
written in uppercase and boldface which
should be at the center two single
spaces below the letterhead
Name of College or Campus
( if applicable) written two single spaces
below the name of college or campus, in
paragraph heading style and in boldface
Department or Unit
name (s) written in uppercase, boldface,
and flushed left. It should be three to
four single spaces below the name of
department or unit;
Author’s or authors’
should be written in uppercase, boldface,
flushed left, and in inverted pyramid
form. It should be placed three to four
single spaces below the Author’s name
Proposed Study Title
which should be written in uppercase, boldface and four to seven single spaces below the thesis title
“Approved”
written in uppercase, boldface, and with corresponding titles i.e. MBA, DBA, or PhD without an underline.
Approval Sheet
should be after the name of
the signatory indicated by a line
with the label “Date” below the line
Space for the date
written in inverted pyramid single space on top of the page, in uppercase and
boldface
Study Title
Should be written three single spaces below the
author’s name between the marker lines 1.5 in size stating the nature of the
proposal and in single space
Manuscript ID
Should be written in boldface, two spaces after the background of the study
Shoud contain the description of the problem that will be investigated in the proposal
Statement of the Problem
Should be written in boldface, two
spaces after the statement of the
problem
Should have general and specific objectives
Objectives of the Study
Should be written in boldface, two spaces after the objectives of the study
Should convince the panel of evaluators or
readers of the importance and usefulness of the results of the study to the concerned
stakeholders
Significance of the Study
Should be written in boldface, two spaces after the significance of the study
Time of the study starts on the day of the proposal is approved
Place or places of the study is or are where the study will be conducted
Time and Place of the Study
may include a study area, parameters to be
tested or measured, sampling techniques, statistical tools that will be used
Scope
means the limit to area coverage, sampling strategy or sample size, etc.
Limitation
means how the term is used in the study
Operational Definition
the meaning of the terms as written in general references like a dictionary
General Definition
Presented in schematic diagram or model presented as figure.
Theoretical or Conceptual Framework of the Study
Separate chapter of the proposal
Written at the top and center of the beginning of the page in bold face.
The text starts after three single spaces below the chapter title
This should include books, journals, magazines, papers in scientific conferences,
local studies, and foreign studies
Review of Related Literature (RRL)
Should be written at the center of the page and an introductory statement is written after three single spaces below the title
Should be written in future tense
Methodology
Times New Roman
Font size 12 should be used in all
manuscripts
Font size less than 12 may be used in tables with numerous entries
Font Style and Size
Left margin should be 1.5 inches
Top, bottom and right margins should be 1 inch each
Paragraph indention should be 5 spaces ( one tab) from the left margin
Three (3) single spaces should be observed between chapter headings and the text that follows. The rest should be double-spaced
Margins and Spacing
Placed on the top right of the page. The first page of every chapter should have imaginary page numbers
Page Numbers
should be a comprehensive description of the table entries.
This follow sentence capitalization.
Use single space between table title and the table itself.
Tables
Use APA (6th ed.)
All literatures cited in the RRl and other materials should be reflected in this section
References
What are the parts of Methodology?
▪ Research Design/Methods
▪ Project design
▪ Research Locale
▪ Respondents of the Study
▪ Population and Sampling
Design
▪ Data Gathering Procedure
▪
Deal with numbers.
▪ Any research data which can be
represented by a number is quantifiable.
Quantitative Methodologies
▪
For data which cannot be quantifiable.
▪ Studies that look into or explore the value or quality of relationships, activities, situations or materials.
▪
Researcher narrates or makes complete
descriptions of what goes on in a particular
activity or situation.
Qualitative Methodologies
What are the parts of the Quantitative Methodologies?
▪ Descriptive-Survey
▪ Research Correlational
▪ Research Causal-Comparative
▪ Experimental Research
▪ The research describes a certain
phenomena at a certain point in
time.
▪ The phenomenon is explained, it is
portrayed, it is depicted and it is
illustrated.
Descriptive
▪ Description of the opinions of a group of people about a particular topic or issue.
Collects information from a group of people in order to describe some aspects or characteristics.
Survey
▪ Sometimes called associational research
▪ The relationships among two or more variables are studied
without any attempt to influence them.
▪ It investigates the possibility of relationships between two
variables.
▪ Explanatory studies identification of relationships
Correlational
the possibility to predict a score on either
variable if a score on the other is given
Prediction Studies
▪ Directly attempts to influence a particular variable – cause and effect relationship
▪ Involves the manipulation of at least one independent variable and observes the effect/s one or more dependent variables.
▪ Controlled and experimental group (with pretest and post test)
Experimental
What are the kinds of Qualitative Methodologies?
▪ Phenomenological Studies
▪ Case Study
▪ Ethnographic Studies
▪ Examines the lived experiences of individuals about a phenomenon through description and analysis.
▪ To obtain a view into the research participants’ life worlds and to understand their personal meanings constructed from their lived experience
Phenomenological Studies
It is a bounded system. To figure out what complex things go on within that system, this tells a story of that bounded system.
▪ Involves a comprehensive and extensive examination of a particular individual, group or situation over a period of time.
▪ A descriptive record of an individual’s experiences and/or behaviors that may be used in a variety of ways to make inferences about developmental process, the impact of life events, a person’s level of functioning and the origin of disorders.
Case Study
▪ Literally means writing about people (ethnos-people, graphical writing).
▪ A comprehensive description of the culture of a group of people or cultural description.
▪ Refers to the collection and analysis of data on the lifestyle and activities of ethnics.
▪ Requires an in-depth study-not merely obtaining information that lasts for a small period of time but rather on information gained by living in the group/s being investigated and experiencing culture
the way their subjects do.
Ethnographic Studies
Explains how and where the data are taken from
Research Locale
Discusses the process and steps taken to conduct a study
Data Gathering Procedure
Describes the participants of the study including the criteria on how and why they are chosen.
Respondents of the Study
A theory in the form of a model/paradigm that serves as the basis for the study. It mentions the proponents of the study and their results
Theoretical Framework
It is the researcher’s own model illustrating variables that specify the problem and gives direction to the study. It may be an adaptation of a model in an early theory, with modification to suit the inquiry
Conceptual Framework
What are the qualitative instrumentation?
▪ Observation
▪ Interview
▪ Documentary/Content
Analysis
When researchers observe, they Watch?
• Examine
▪ Inspect
▪ Scrutinize
▪ Explore
▪ Probe
Identity as observer is concealed
Complete Participant Observer
Assists and observes in the proceedings
Participants as Observer
Observes but does not necessarily there to assist
Observer as Participant
Observer is restricted to perform any task
Complete Observer
▪ The most important data collection technique in qualitative research is because it checks the accuracy of the impressions the researcher has gathered through his observation.
▪ It also finds out what is in the respondent’s mind because the researcher cannot observe what the respondent thinks and how he feels about something.
Interview
are rather formal verbal questionnaires
consisting of a series of questions designed to
gather specific answers from the respondents.
Structured/Semi structured Interviews
are causal conversations, which do not have specific sequence or questions. Its primary objective is to find out what the respondents think or feel. It is sometimes difficult, because the interviewers have to be
quick in asking the correct follow-up questions.
Informal Interviews
can be structured, semistructured, or informal. Its purpose is to try to get a respondent to recall or remember a
certain event or experience
Retrospective Interviews
▪ Respect the culture of the group being studied.
▪ Respect the individual being interviewed. Do not criticize or evaluate the interviewee’s actions or ideas.
▪ Ask the same question in
different ways during the
interview.
▪ Ask the interviewee to repeat an
answer when there is some doubt
about the completeness of the
answer.
▪ Learn to wait.
Interviewing Behavior
▪ This studies, examines and scrutinizes written or visual contents of a document.
▪
Its objective is to analyze the conscious beliefs, attitudes, values or ideas revealed in the documents.
▪ The researcher should be able to read the lines (literal reading), read between the lines (inferential reading) and read beyond the
lines (critical reading).
Documentary/Content Analysis
▪ Verbatim transcription of the data from the voice form (tape recorder) to the written form (paper) is the subsequent procedure after the interviews had been conducted.
▪ From the regional dialect to English ( the standard language for the academic paper) is
done following the principle of dynamic equivalence.
▪ Questions have to be asked in the dialect spoken by the respondents.
Transcription and Translation
What are the kinds of Quantitative Instrumentation?
▪ Likert Scale
▪ Dichotomous Scale
▪ Semantic Differential Scale
▪ Bogardus Social Distance Scale
▪ A set of multi-item scale, which ranges from three-point to nine-point.
▪ It is used to measure attitudes,perspectives, opinions, views, estimations, beliefs,
judgments, outlooks, perceptions,
stances, and feelings based on frequency, importance, quality, likelihood, and/or extent
Likert Scale
experts evaluate the content or the substance and meaningfulness of the items in the scale
Content Validity
twofold elements to be evaluated
Appropriateness and accuracy
▪ Process of finding out whether the items are able to measure what the researcher intends to measure.
▪ Process of evaluating the suitability,
correctness and exactness of the item in relation to the objectives of the study
Validation
▪ The instrument would be subjected to a dry-run or pilot testing toat least 30 comparable samples.
▪ Data would be subjected to item
discrimination and reliability process using Cronbach-Alpha test.
Reliability
▪ This measures phenomena that can only have two values, yes/no or agree/disagree scale.
▪ The construction and validation process are similar to those of the Likert scale except for the reliability procedure where the Kuder Richardson 21 formula is used because quantitative data are considered to be
nominal rather than interval.
Dichotomous Scale
▪ This measures meaning differences by determining the psychological distance between words.
▪ It is normally a three-dimensional scale, which measures evaluative (holistic assessment of the person being evaluated),
potency (evaluates the strengths and capabilities) and activity (evaluates the actions or actuations) dimensions.
▪ It is composed of two bipolar adjectives – positive attributes and its negative counterpart that ranges from a three to
eleven-point scale.
Semantic Differential Scale
▪ Based on sociological concept of
determining how close or far a person is willing to place himself to and from those races or nationalities.
▪ Fields: race, parent-child, occupation, religion, education, region, gender
Bogardus Social Distance Scale
values can be counted using integral values such as the number of enrollees, dropouts, graduates, deaths, employees, cars, math
subjects, calls (integral values)
Discrete
It can assume any numerical value over an interval or intervals like height, weight,
temperature, time, pressure in a tire, number of kilometers driven (decimal or fraction)
Continuous
the value is being predicted
Dependent Variable
predictor
Independent Variables
use numbers of the purpose of identifying name or membership in a group or
category. All qualitative variables use this scale.
Examples: gender, zip code,
religion, marital status, major field
of study, names of schools
attended, brands of soaps
purchased, diagnosis
Nominal Data
It connotes ranking or inequalities. One
category is higher than the other one.
Examples are social science
class or incomes, responses to
an item on an item (always,
sometimes, never) contest results
(first, second, third) birth order
study (first or second born)
Ordinal Data
indicate an actual amount and there is equal unit of measurement separating each score, specifically, equal intervals.
Examples are Fahrenheit temperature,
Likert scale (5 or 7 scale points)
scores on test as a measure of
knowledge and aptitude test scores
Interval Scales
are the strongest level of measurement; have all the properties of the other three but has a meaningful zero that represents the absence of the quantity being measured.
Examples are election vote, speed of
population line, average delivery and
measurements of length, weight, area,
volume, density, velocity, money, and
duration.
Ratio Data
What are the two kinds of Statistics?
Descriptive and Inferential
The collection and organization of data where the statistician tries to describe a situation; masses of unorganized numerical data are of little value unless statistical
techniques are available to organize this type of data into a meaningful form.
Descriptive Statistics
Consists of generalizing from samples to population, performing hypothesis testing, determining relationships among the variables and making predictions. Its main concern is to analyze the organized data leading to predictions or inferences. Statisticians make predictions or inferences based on the conditions of past and present
data.
Inferential Statistics
A type of Inferential statistics where
appropriate when data represent an interval or ration scale of measurement and the distribution approximates a normal curve.
Parametric
A type of Inferential statistic where
appropriate when the data represent an ordinal or nominal scale or when the nature of the distribution is not know.
Non-parametric
What consists of probability sampling?
• Simple Random
• Systematic
• Stratified
• Cluster
• Choosing subjects so that all members of the population have equal and independent chance of being selected
• it is easy to conduct and there is high probability of achieving a representative sample
• this type meets assumptions of many statistical procedures
• But in some cases, identification of all members can be difficult
• Connecting through all the members of the sample is difficult
Simple random sampling
A random selection is made of their first element for the sample, then subsequent elements are selected using fixed or systematic interval until the desired sample size is reached
Systematic/Interval Random
This is a probability sampling procedure in which the target population is first separated into mutually exclusive, homogeneous segments, (strata), and then a simple random sampling is selected from each segment (stratum)
Stratified/Quota Random
It is a technique in which the population is divided into already existing groups (Clusters)
• Then a sample is chosen in random manner from the cluster
• Most common variable used in clustering population are geographical area, buildings, school etc
• Cluster is natural, but heterogeneous
Cluster Sampling include:
• Single-stage cluster sampling
• Two-stage cluster sampling
• Multi-stage cluster sampling
Cluster Sampling
A type of Non-probability sampling that is based on ease of accessibility
The sample elements are selected from the target population based on their availability, on the convenience of the researcher, and/or voluntary/self-selection.
Convenience
A type of probability sampling that is based deliberately select sample to conform to some criteria
A Non-probability sampling procedure in which the elements are selected from the target population on the basis of their fit with the purposes of the study and specific inclusion and exclusion criteria.
Judgemental
A type of Non-probability sampling where relevant characteristics are used to segregate the sample to improve its representativeness
The population is divided into mutually exclusive subcategories, and the researcher solicits participation in the study from members of the subcategories until a target number of elements to be sampled from the subcategories have been met.
Quota
A type of Non-probability sampling where referred by current sample elements
• Judgement sample that lies on researcher’s ability to locate on initial set of respondents with the desired characteristics; these individuals are then used as informants to identify others with desired characteristic.
Snowball
A type of probability sampling where evey nth element chosen started at random & picking every n’th element in succession
Systematic
A type of probability sampling where the population is divided into sub-population/stratum & subjects selected randomly
Stratified
A type of probability sampling where the population is divided into clusters, random sample of clusters is selected from as simple random design
Cluster
