Final Exam

Question 1

The process of selecting observations that will be analyzed for research purposes

Answer 1

Sampling

Question 2

Homogeneous

Answer 2

Having the same specific characteristics of study

Question 3

Heterogeneous

Answer 3

Having diverse characteristics of study

Question 4

What is good about a heterogeneous sample versus a homogeneous one?

Answer 4

Ensures that the sample reflects the variability in the population

Question 5

The cluster of people, events, things, or other phenomena in which you are interested

Answer 5

Population

Question 6

The cluster of people/events from or about which you will actually gather data

Answer 6

Sample

Question 7

Tell me about probabilistic sampling

Answer 7

statistically representative sample
Used with a well-defined population
Enables generalization from sample to populations
Representative sample
Random selection

Question 8

What is a representative sample?

Answer 8

A sample that resembles the population in all the important ways

Question 9

Sampling error

Answer 9

Degree to which your sample deviates from the population’s characteristics

Question 10

Sampling error is due to _____ or ____

Answer 10

random error
Systematic error

Question 11

The bigger the sample, the _____ the error

Answer 11

smaller

Question 12

Tell me about simple random samples

Answer 12

Sampling frame
RNG

Question 13

Sampling frame

Answer 13

Lists every member of the population

Question 14

Tell me about systematic sampling

Answer 14

Sampling frame
Every kth person
Watch out for periodicity

Question 15

Periodicity

Answer 15

The tendency for a pattern to occur at regular intervals

Question 16

Tell me about stratified sampling

Answer 16

Divide population into relevant subgroups
Draw sample from each group
Good for cyclical
Proportional versus disproportionate stratification

Question 17

Proportional stratification

Answer 17

Each subgroup has the same sampling fraction

Question 18

Disproportional stratification

Answer 18

Size of subgroup is not necessarily proportionate to population size of group

Question 19

Tell me about cluster sampling

Answer 19

Samples groups and selects elements from each heterogenous group
Sampling done in stages

Question 20

Non-probability sampling techniques

Answer 20

A person’s likelihood of being selected for membership in sample is unknown
May not represent the population
Qualitative
Types: Purposive, Snowball, Quota, and convenience

Question 21

Purposive sample

Answer 21

Begin with specific perspectives, then seek out participants who cover them

Question 22

Snowball sample

Answer 22

Participants help find more participants

Question 23

Quota sample

Answer 23

Identify category with some variation
Subgroup for each category
Researcher decides how many people from each subgroup

Question 24

Convenience sample

Answer 24

Collect data from people or other relevant elements to which s/he has most convenient access
Exploratory research

Question 25

True or false: 2/3 of U.S. samples published in JPSP were American undergrads in psychology courses

Answer 25

True

Question 26

Trash in, ____ out

Answer 26

trash

Question 27

What is the most widely used data collection technique?

Answer 27

Survey

Question 28

Correlational research

Answer 28

Any non-experimental study in which correlations in data are examined and cause-effect relations are shown

Question 29

How to conduct a survey:

Answer 29

1.) Develop hypothesis and decide survey type 2.) Write questions 3.) Plan how to record data 4.) Sampling 5.) Locate respondents, conduct interviews, record data 6.) Research report

Question 30

Things that good survey questions do

Answer 30

avoid confusion keep respondents perspective in mind Watch out for leading questions Avoid jargon, slang, abbreviations, vagueness, emotional lang, issues beyond capabilities, double negatives

Question 31

Double-barreled question

Answer 31

A confusing survey question that includes 2+ ideas

Question 32

Leading question

Answer 32

survey question worded such that respondents are pushed to a specific answer or position (BIAS)

Question 33

Open-ended question

Answer 33

No response categories (qualitative)

Question 34

Closed-ended question

Answer 34

Fixed answer choices, better

Question 35

Mutually exclusive question

Answer 35

No overlap

Question 36

Mutually exhaustive question

Answer 36

Each person has a choice

Question 37

Social desirability bias

Answer 37

A tendency for the survey respondent to answer in a way that conforms to social expectations or makes them look good rather than answer honestly

Question 38

Contingency question

Answer 38

2-part question in which the 1st question screens who gets the 2nd question

Question 39

Keep your the wording in your survey question objective/subjective

Answer 39

objective

Question 40

Because survey fatigue exists, it's best to _________

Answer 40

order your meaty questions first

Question 41

Order effects

Answer 41

Ordering influences respondents' answers

Question 42

Pros and cons of mailed/self-administered surveys

Answer 42

Easy, cheap Low response rate, no control

Question 43

Pros and cons of telephone interviews

Answer 43

Can reach 95% of population Must be short, few ppl answer phones nowadays

Question 44

Pros and cons of face-to-face interviews

Answer 44

Highest response rate Training, travel, supervision, pricey, interviewer bias (personality)

Question 45

Pros and cons of web surveys

Answer 45

cheapest, quick responses not everybody has internet access

Question 46

Pseudosurvey

Answer 46

Using a survey format in an attempt to persuade others to do something

Question 47

Examples of measures of central tendency

Answer 47

Mean, mode, median

Question 48

The _____ is best to use for data analytics when the data is skewed

Answer 48

Median

Question 49

A simple table showing how many or what percentage of the cases fall into each variable category

Answer 49

Frequency distribution

Question 50

Quantitative data (univariate)

Answer 50

Percentages, mean, mode, median, frequency distribution

Question 51

Quantitative data (bivariate)

Answer 51

Bivariate correlation, crosstabulations

Question 52

Covariation

Answer 52

When two variables go together or are associated with one anotherS

Question 53

Statistically independent

Answer 53

No covariance

Question 54

The Spread

Answer 54

Range, SD, percentiles

Question 55

A crosstabulation table shows _____

Answer 55

two variables on one table

Question 56

Multivariate analysis

Answer 56

Regression analysis

Question 57

Regression analysis

Answer 57

A measure that allows the researcher to examine numerous IVs at one time and how those variables impact a DV

Question 58

If the level of significance is 0.05, what does that mean?

Answer 58

95% certain that the results are not due to chance

Question 59

Benefits of interviews over surveys

Answer 59

Can ask follow-up questions Story behind responses Complex topic Lengthy explanations

Question 60

A key difference between qualitative and quantitative interviewing is that qualitative interviews contain _______

Answer 60

open-ended questions

Question 61

A list of topics or questions that the interviewer hopes to cover during the course of an interview.

Answer 61

Interview guide

Question 62

True or false: It takes a skilled interviewer to be able to ask questions and actually listen to respondents; and pick up on cues about when to follow up, when to move on, and when to simply let the participant speak without guidance or interruption.

Answer 62

True

Question 63

Bringing an _____, as opposed to a very long list of detailed questions, to an interview encourages the researcher to actually listen to what a participant is telling her.

Answer 63

outline

Question 64

As with quantitative survey research, it is best not to place _______ questions at the very beginning of your qualitative interview guide so that participants have a chance to warm up first.

Answer 64

sensitive/controversial

Question 65

Tips for interviews

Answer 65

No yes/no questions Don't ask "why?" Avoid leading questions

Question 66

The key to a successful qualitative interview is giving participants the opportunity to ______

Answer 66

share information in their own words and in their own way.

Question 67

It is probably most common for qualitative interviewers to take _____ ______ of the interviews they conduct.

Answer 67

audio recordings

Question 68

Focus group

Answer 68

When multiple respondents participate in an interview at the same time,

Question 69

Benefits of focus groups

Answer 69

May think of new ideas or questions Body language + interactions

Question 70

Oral histories

Answer 70

Data collection that records, in writing, material that might otherwise be forgotten by those who are unlikely to create a written record or produce archival materials. It involves interviewing people about their past to ensure that their history is not lost and is therefore available to future generations

Question 71

The accuracy of the oral history rests on two facts:

Answer 71

1.) Memories are not recollections of stories but actually happened. 2.) Stories are shared in the context of the potlatch (feast) system.

Question 72

Benefits of videography

Answer 72

Accurately record events Enable researchers to verify their observations through multiple raters Permit the researcher to repeatedly review the video record. It is particularly valuable for measuring performance and verifying self-reported behaviors against observed behaviors

Question 73

One of the most significant concerns related to collecting data via video is _______ of the participants.

Answer 73

confidentiality

Question 74

Analysis of qualitative interview data typically begins with ______

Answer 74

a set of transcripts, including noted body language and gestures

Question 75

Overall, the goal of analysis is to reach some inferences, lessons, or conclusions by condensing large amounts of data into relatively smaller, more manageable bits of understandable information

Answer 75

Yes

Question 76

CODE

Answer 76

A code is a shorthand representation of some more complex set of issues or ideas.

Question 77

Deductive coding

Answer 77

Begins with the analyst utilizing specific or pre-defined interests to identify “relevant” passages, quotes, images, scenes, etc., to develop a set of preliminary codes. From there, the analyst elaborates on these preliminary codes, making finer distinctions within each coding category