Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

real limits

A

0.5 above the highest number and 0.05 below the lowest number

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2
Q

frequency distribution, why is it useful

A

Present score values and their frequency of occurrence
shows the entire data

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3
Q

ungrouped vs grouped freq. dist.

A

ungrouped: raw scores can be pulled out, can find individual score
grouped: raw scores cannot be pulled out, no individual score, information is lost

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4
Q

relative frequency

A

proportion of total in interval
relative f = f/N
* should add up to 1

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4
Q

cumulative frequency

A

number of scores that fall bellow the upper real limit
* start at the bottom then add up
* final answer should equal to N

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5
Q

cumulative percentage frequency

A

Percentage of scores that fall below upper real limit of each interval
Cumulative % f= (f/N) x 100

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6
Q

percentile point

A

% that falls bellow a specific percentage (P30 = 30% of scores fall below this point)

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7
Q

percentile rank

A

percentage of scores with values lower than the score in question
ex: 10% of scores fall below 59

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8
Q

bar graph vs histogram vs frequency polygon

A

bar graph: nominal and ordinal data, bars do not touch
histogram: interval and ratio data, bars do touch
polygon: interval and ratio data, point places above midpoint of each interval

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9
Q

symmetrical vs positive vs negative

A

symmetrical: mean = median
positive: mean > median
negative: mean < median

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10
Q

mean vs median vs mode

A

mean: is affected by outliers
median: is not affected by outliers
mode: used for nominal data

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11
Q

correlation coefficient (pearson r)

A

specific measure of correlation, -1 to 1

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12
Q

coefficient of determination (r^2) EFFECTSIZE

A

% of variability in one variable with is determined by its relationship with the other variable

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13
Q

spearman rho

A

used for ordinary scaling

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14
Q

assumptions for pearson r

A

only for interval and ratio scales

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15
Q

regression

A

predicting

16
Q

regression line

A

to predict a score of one variable based on our knowledge of another

17
Q

regression constant

A

where the regression line crosses the y-axis

18
Q

conditions to use linear regression

A
  • has to be linear
  • random sampling
  • predictions that lie within the range not outside
  • not interest in the individuals that are used in the linear regression
19
Q

standard error of estimate

A

how far away, on average, a point will be from the regression line

20
Q

random sampling, why is it important?

A

equal chance of being selected, decreases error

21
Q

two ways to conduct random sampling

A
  1. sampling with replacement
  2. sampling without replacement
22
Q

sampling with replacement vs without

A

with: the selected is returned, doesn’t change the probability
without: the selected is not returned, changes the probability

23
Q

a priori vs a posterior (probability)

A

priori: before hand, based on rationalism
posteriori: after the fact, based on empiricism

24
addition probability rule
p(A or B)= p(A) + p(B) - p(A and B) mutually exclusive: p(A) = p(B)
25
multiplication probability rule
INDEPENDENT: p(A and B) = p(A) x p(B) DEPENDENT: p(A and B) = p(A) x p(B|A) Mutually exclusive: p(A and B) = 0
26
independent vs mutually exclusive vs mutually exhaustive events
independent: does not influence e/o mutually exclusive: cannot happen at the same time, has to be OR mutually exhaustive: includes all possible events
27
sampling distribution of F
used to evaluate mean differences between two or more treatments
28
F distribution characteristics
- F-ratio is always positive - treatment effect is no greater than the variance expected by chance alone - for statistical significance obtained > critical
29
Ho and H1 for one-way, independent groups ANOVA
Ho is true: effect is near zero, F is near 1.00 H1 is true: effect is more than 0, F > than 1.00`
30
Why is MS between sensitive to the IV but not the MS within?
MS between uses df between which subtracts the IV by 1 while MS within uses df within which N is subtracted by IV
31
assumptions for one-way ANOVA test
- 3 or more groups being compared - independent groups - IV is nominal and DV is interval or ratio - homogeneity of variance - N > 30
32
omega^2 vs eta^2
omega^2 is less biased than eta^2 - both provide variance
33
planned vs post hoc comparisons
planned (a priori): comparisons that are hypothesized before the experiment, based on theory and previous research post hoc (posteriori): comparison after seeing the data or to explore differences
34
do planned or post hoc have more power?
planned comparisons have more bower but has a higher chance of type 1 error