Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 methods of establishing truth?

A

Authority, Rationalism, Intuition, and Scientific Method

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2
Q

Authority

A

accepting information because it is from a highly respected source

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3
Q

Rationalism

A

acquisition of knowledge through reason or logic

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4
Q

Intuition

A

common-sense approach to acquiring knowledge; not based on reason

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5
Q

Scientific Method

A

relies on objective assessment

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6
Q

Observation vs Experimental

A

Observation does not influence any variable while experimental influences variables

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7
Q

Descriptive vs Inferential Statistics

A

Descriptive describes the data while inferential is used to make inferences (generalization)

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8
Q

Population

A

All the individuals of interest in a study

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9
Q

Sample

A

A set of individuals selected from a population

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10
Q

Variable

A

something that changes or has different values for different individuals

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11
Q

Independent Variable

A

is the variable that is manipulated

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12
Q

Dependent Variable

A

variable that is observed to asses the effect

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13
Q

Constant

A

value does not change; control

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14
Q

Data

A

measurement of observation of a variable

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15
Q

Statistic

A

a value that describes a sample

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16
Q

Parameter

A

value that describes a population

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17
Q

Why is random sampling important?

A

It allows the data to be representative of the population

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18
Q

What are the four measurement scales?

A

Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio

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19
Q

Nominal

A

label and categorize, NO NUMBERS; think of brands

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20
Q

Ordinal

A

categorizes observations by ORDER; think of 1st place

21
Q

Interval

A

ordered categories, interval between categories of equal size; NO ZERO POINT (think of temperature)

22
Q

Ratio

A

same as interval but HAS A ZERO POINT (absolute zero); think of height

23
Q

Discrete Variable

A

whole countable numbers
Ex: 1, 2, 3, 4…

24
Q

Continuous Variable

A

infinite numbers possible
Ex: 1, 1.25, 1.26, 2, 2.34…

25
Real limits
upper limit: will be .5 above the highest number lower limit: .5 below the lowest number EX: interval is 1-5 -> real limit is .5-5.5
26
Rounding Numbers
below .5 = keep the same above .5 = round up equal to .5 (even) = stays the same equal to .5 (odd) = round to next even number
27
Frequency Distribution, why is it useful?
Present score values and their frequency of occurrence shows the entire data
28
Ungrouped vs. Grouped Frequency Distribution
ungrouped: raw scores can be pulled out, can find individual score grouped: raw scores cannot be pulled out, no individual score, information is lost
29
how to find the interval
i = range/ # of class interval * class intervals are given*
30
Relative Frequency (relative f)
proportion of total in interval relative f = f/N * should add up to 1*
31
Cumulative Frequency
number of scores that fall bellow the upper real limit * start at the bottom then add up * final answer should equal to N
32
Cumulative Percentage
Percentage of scores that fall below upper real limit of each interval Cumulative % f= (f/N) x 100
33
Percentile Point
% that falls bellow a specifice percentage (P30 = 30% of scores fall below this point)
34
Percentile Point Formula
XsubL + (i/fsubi)(cumfsubp - cumfsubL) XsubL = lower real limit of interval containing the percentile point i = interval width fsubi = freq. within the interval cumfsubp = N x deciimal form of Psubx cumfsubL = freq scores below the lower real limit (USE THE ROW BELOW)
35
Percentile Rank
percentage of scores with values lower than the score in question ex: 10% of scores fall below 59
36
Percentile Rank Formula
(cumfsubL + (fsubi/i)(X-XsubL) / N) x 100
37
Bar Graphs
best used for nominal or ordinal data *bars do not touch
38
Histogram
Best for interval or ratio data * bars do touch each other
39
Frequency Polygon
Used for interval or ratio data * point is plotted over the midpoint of each interval
40
Symmetrical vs Positive Skewed vs Negative Skewed
Symmetrical: normal curve Positive: tail on the right Negative: tail of the left
41
Mean vs Median vs Mode
Mean: sum of all scores divided by total number * is affected by outliers Median: midpoint score * not influenced by outliers Mode: most common observation * can be used for nominal data
42
Overall Mean formula
M= sigmaX1 + sigmaX2 / n1 + n2 sigmaX1 = X-bar x n
43
Mean and Median in Skewed Dist.
Positive = mean > median Negative = mean < median
44
Deviation Score
tells how far away the raw score is from the mean sample: X - X-bar Population: X - mu
45
Sum of Squares (SS)
Raw Score method: sigmaXsqr - (sigmaX)sqr/N
46
Variance calc. from SS
population: SS/N sample: SS/N-1
47
Standard Deviation calc. from SS
Population: sqrt SS/N or sqrt variance Sample: sqrt SS/n-1 or sqrt variance
48
Three measures of Variability
Range: max - min; overall spread * is affected by extreme scores Variance: average distance from the mean in squared units Standard Deviation: average distance from the mean
49
Z-Score
how many SD our score is from the mean