final exam

Question 1

true or false: divorce is more likely in early years

Answer 1

true

Question 2

define: crude divorce rate

Answer 2

number of divorces in a year per population

Question 3

define: refined divorce rate

Answer 3

number of divorces per 1000 married people (or married women)

Question 4

true or false: crude rate and refined rate are highly correlated

Answer 4

true

Question 5

define: divorce ratio

Answer 5

typically is the number of divorces divided by the number of marriages in a year

Question 6

true or false: the divorce rate is getting better in the USA since the 1990s

Answer 6

true

Question 7

why was there a big jump in divorces in the year 1987?

Answer 7

The divorce act made it easier to get divorced

Question 8

why has the divorce rate decreased?

Answer 8

• people are choosing not to get married more now
• more selectivity in marriage
• more older couples that are married and they are less likely to divorce

Question 9

divorce rates depend on the ___ , ___ & ___

Answer 9

time; location; culture

Question 10

what are gottman’s 6 predictors of divorce?

Answer 10

1. harsh start up
2. the four horsemen (criticsm, contempt, defensiveness and stonewalling)
3. flooding
4. body language
5. failed repair attempts
6. bad memories

Question 11

what are three ways that divorce affects people?

Answer 11

1. lower happiness
2. more depressive symptoms
3. more social isolation

Question 12

define: hedonic adaptation

Answer 12

a process where people return to baseline in their happiness after an event - you have some sort of set-point level of happiness you return to

Question 13

how long does it take to return to baseline after marriage?

Answer 13

2 years

Question 14

how long does it take to return to baseline after widowhood?

Answer 14

7 years to come close

Question 15

how long does it take to return to baseline after divorce?

Answer 15

never

Question 16

true or false: the widowhood effect is stronger in men

Answer 16

true

Question 17

define: takotsubo

Answer 17

broken heart syndrome, shows a weakened left ventricle which happens from extreme stress

Question 18

which group of people are more likely to break up?

Answer 18

unmarried couples in the early years of their relationship

Question 19

true or false: women are less likely than men to get back together

Answer 19

true

Question 20

what does breaking up look like for securely attached people?

Answer 20

• Less apprehension about seeing ex again
• Less likely to get back into the relationship again
• Ready to start dating again

Question 21

what does breaking up look like for insecurely attached people?

Answer 21

• Report more distress from breakup
• Breakup was not amicable
• Blamed their ex for the breakup
• Welcomed getting back into the relationship again

Question 22

how do implicit theories influence breakups and ghosting?

Answer 22

• destiny beliefs are associated with more breakups and acceptance of ghosting
• growth beliefs are associated with not accepting ghosting

Question 23

what is the dark triad?

Answer 23

1. Machiavellianism
2. narcissm
3. psychopathy

Question 24

what do implicit theories have to do with ending friendships?

Answer 24

• destiny beliefs -> more dissolution
• growth beliefs -> more maintenance

Question 25

can anxious/avoidant insecure attachment styles become more secure?

Answer 25

yes - naturally happens with age and can be done through therapy

Question 26

what are some ways to maintain relationships?

Answer 26

- committment - we talk - having positive illusions of each other

Question 27

define: perceived superiority

Answer 27

when we perceive our partnership as more special than it likely really is

Question 28

what does inattention to alternatives mean?

Answer 28

In committed relationships, people tend to not notice alternative partners

Question 29

what is the michelangelo phenomenon?

Answer 29

When close partners sculpt one another’s selves (metaphorically like how Michelangelo sculpted statues)

Question 30

what are the two ways to affirm your partner?

Answer 30

1. Partner perceptual affirmation - Perceiving the partner in ways that are compatible with their ideal self 2. Partner behavioural affirmation - helped partner clarify plans, offered assistance and praised goal pursuits

Question 31

what are three strategies for staying content?

Answer 31

1. Positivity 2. Openness 3. Relationship talk

Question 32

do professionals generally promote self-help books?

Answer 32

yes

Question 33

what are some features of advice from magazines?

Answer 33

1. Often consistent with gender stereotypes 2. Sex was the priority in relationships 3. Most advice contrary to research on forming meaningful relationships

Question 34

what are some features of advice from magazines aimed towards Black women?

Answer 34

men’s financial problems, male infidelity and prior relationships - authors suggests that this reflects the marriage market for Black women

Question 35

what do online forums recommend the most and to whom?

Answer 35

breaking up; women

Question 36

how many years does Gottman suggest couples wait to get help for?

Answer 36

6 years

Question 37

define: parasocial relationships

Answer 37

A perceived relationship with a media persona

Question 38

what is a pro and con of parasocial relationships?

Answer 38

- pro: can be positive when the connection is weak to moderate - con: can lead to stalking

Question 39

what are the two hypotheses for why people form parasocial relationships?

Answer 39

1. Substitution hypothesis (aka compensation/deficiency hypothesis) = a deficit in someone’s social life leads to parasocial relationship 2. Panksepp-Jakobson hypothesis = rather than a substitute, parasocial relationships are an extension of their relationships

Question 40

which hypothesis for why people get into parasocial relationships is best supported?

Answer 40

panksepp-jakobson hypothesis

Question 41

define: parasocial interactions

Answer 41

the perceivers reaction to a persona as an intimate partner:

Question 42

define: parasocial relationships

Answer 42

more of a long-term feelings of a relationship These two terms are often conflated

Question 43

what are three reasons why people love their pets?

Answer 43

1. mutualism 2. parasite 3. deficiency

Question 44

define: zoophilia

Answer 44

An attraction towards a non-human animal

Question 45

what is the biophilia hypothesis?

Answer 45

people have an innate need to affiliate with nature, people historically spent their time in nature and those who spent time in close contact with nature would have an advantage

Question 46

which theory proves there are benefits to relationships with nature?

Answer 46

Attention restoration theory (ART)

Question 47

on what two continuums can we classify nature as being restorative or not?

Answer 47

1. refuge -high =scary 2. prospect - low = scary

Question 48

Freud suggests that people view God as a ___ ___

Answer 48

father figure

Question 49

true or false: people tend to have a view of God that overlaps with themself

Answer 49

true

Question 50

what is the dual conceptualization of God

Answer 50

1. doctrinal - how people view God 2. experiential - how people relate personally and emotionally to God

Question 51

how many measures are there of God representation

Answer 51

70