exam #2 Flashcards
1
Q
who said friendship is unnecessary?
A
C.S. Lewis
2
Q
what is some evidence for animal friendships?
A
- cows stress levels go down when with another cow
- vampire bats trust by grooming each other and blood sharing and can have decade long relationships
- dolphins form friendships based on shared interests
3
Q
What are the 5 characteristics of friendships according to William K.Rawlins?
A
- voluntary
- personal
- equality
- mutual
- affective
4
Q
what are 4 friendship rules across 4 cultures?
A
- respect other’s privacy
- trust and confide in one another
- volunteers to help in time of need
- should not be jealous or critical of other relationships
5
Q
what views do Ghanaian’s show about friendships?
A
- less amount of friends
- suspicious of friends
- having no friends is not sad and having a lot is suspicious
6
Q
why do Ghanaian’s have this view?
A
- moral obligations
- less relational mobility
7
Q
how many relationships does Robert Dunbar suggest we can keep track of?
A
150
8
Q
generally speaking, does eastern or western culture value friendship more?
A
western
9
Q
which people tend to value friendship more?
A
- women
- people of higher education
- countries with lower income equality
10
Q
what benefits are there for those who value friendship more?
A
- better health
- greater happiness
- higher well-being
11
Q
what are the 7 stages of friendship according to william rawlins?
A
- role delimited interaction - meet people in roles
- friendly relations - breaking the script of the roles you once had
- moves-toward-friendship - hanging out outside of work or school
- nascent friendship - not interacting with original roles anymore
- stabilized friendship
- waning friendship - friendship isn’t as important
- post friendship - friendship is over but you may have symbolic link to friend
12
Q
what are three patterns that can happen in the stabilized friendship stage (stage 5)?
A
- active friendship = friends are accessible
- dormant friendship = don’t see everyday but can resume at any time
- commemorative friendship = still see each other as friends but do not really do anything together anymore
13
Q
what are the 5 stages of friendship according to selman?
A
- 0 - momentary physical interaction - someone you are playing with in the moment
- 1 - one way assistance - a friend is someone who does something nice for you
- 2 - fair-weather cooperation - a friend is someone who returns a favor
- 3 - intimate and mutual sharing - a friend is someone you can tell things that you wouldn’t tell others
- 4 - autonomous interdependence - a friend is someone who accepts you and that you accept
14
Q
what are 3 friendship styles according to sarah matthews?
A
- independent - sees friendships based on circumstances
- discerning - deep connection regardless of changing circumstances
- acquisitive - make friends as they go but also have a core group of friends
15
Q
what are two ways you can classify good and bad friends?
A
- health
- enjoyment
16
Q
what are the 4 types of friendship you get base don enjoyment and health?
A
- ideal = enjoyable and healthy
- problematic = enjoyable but not healthy
- waning = healthy but not enjoyable
deviant = unhealthy and unenjoyable
17
Q
what is the theory that explains people who seek out toxic relationships?
A
self-verification theory = we want our lives to match what we think we deserve
18
Q
what are some differences in same-sex friendships?
A
- women - more self-disclosure, more time on the phone spent with friends, talk about more relationships and personal issues
- men - side to side, talk about sports and less personal stuff and tend to be less intimate
19
Q
what is a similarity attraction effect in opposite sex friendships?
A
more expressive males tend to have more female friends
20
Q
true or false: men are more likely to think that having sex is good for the friendship
A
true
21
Q
What are the 5 different challenges to opposite sex friendships proposed by J. Donald O’Meara
A
- emotional bond
- sexuality
- inequality and power
- public relationships
- opportunity structure
22
Q
define: post-modern friendships
A
people co-construct their realities within their friendships and can affirm their identities
23
Q
what do post-modern friendships allow people to do?
A
allows people to create friendships that aren’t based on traditional gender identities
24
Q
what are some negative effects of friendships?
A
- depression can spread if your friend is depressed
- increases the risk of obesity, suicide, smoking and other types of substance abuse if friends are involved in those activities
25
define: capitalization
we share good news with friends and receive enthusiastic, rewarding responses that increase our pleasure and enhance our relationships
26
what are 4 ways in which social support is given?
1. emotional support
2. physical comfort
3. advice support
4. material support
27
what are some physiological effects of emotional support?
- lower blood pressure
- better sleep
- faster recovery from stress
28
who is better at providing social support? an insecure person or a secure person?
secure
29
define: invisible support
support provided subtly without fanfare and actually goes unnoticed by the recipient
30
define: perceived partner responsiveness
the judgment that someone is attentive, respectful, caring and supportive with respect to our needs and aspirations
31
what need do we have in early elementary years in regard to friendship?
acceptance
32
what need do we have in preadolescence in regard to friendship?
intimacy
33
what need do we have in teen years in regard to friendship?
sexuality
34
what are four components of attachment in friendships?
1. proximity seeking
2. separation protest
3. safe haven
4. secure base
35
true or false: primary attachments shift from parents to peers in teens?
true
36
define: socioemotional selectivity theory
change that occurs because seniors have different interpersonal goals than younger people do
37
define: relational self-construals
the extent to which we think of ourselves as interdependent rather than independent beings
38
what three traits are apart of the dark triad?
1. narcissism
2. Machiavellianism
3. psychopathy
39
define: polygny
multiple wives
40
define: polyandry
multiple husbands
41
define: conjugal family
parents in relationship and their children (aka a nuclear family)
42
define: non-conjugal family
single parents with children
43
define: stem family
a kind of extended family, includes older couple with one of their adult children with spouse and children
44
why is polygamy illegal in many places?
- can be abusive
- promotes child brides
- heightens crime - more single people
45
when did couples who weren't married start living together?
1960s
46
when was the first gay marriage?
1971 in the USA
47
what is a genogram?
like a family tree but more detailed - shows biological, adopted, step families or neighbor relationships
48
where are genograms used?
- therapy
- medicine
- genealogy
49
family communication happens on which two continuums?
1. socio-oriented (conformity)
2. concept oriented (conversion)
50
what 4 types are produced with high and low of socio and concept oriented family communication?
1. consensual - high socio and concept orientation
2. protective - high socio and low concept orientation
3. pluralistic - low socio and high concept orientation
4. laissez-faire - low socio and concept orientation
51
what two dimensions can you characterize sibling relationships on?
1. hostility
2. warmth
52
what 4 types are created when high/low in hostility and warmth?
1. hostile - high hostility and low warmth
2. affect intense - high hostility and warmth
3. uninvolved - low in hostility and warmth
4. harmonious - high warmth and low hostility
53
true or false: there is an intelligence and personality effect for first born chidlren?
true
54
define: grandmother hypothesis
women go through menopause so that they can be supplementary parents to their grandchildren as they get older
55
true or false: children and grandmothers have better mental health but the mother does not because of competing roles
true
56
what are the 4 dimensions of love?
1. cultural value
2. sexuality
3. sexual orientation
4. marital status
57
what are the 6 styles of love?
1. Eros = into physical appearance
2. Ludus = treat love like an uncommitted game
3. Storge = (store-gay) seek friendship that leads to commitment
4. Mani = possessive, insecure, jealous
5. Agape = altruistic and self-less
6. Pragma = seek a logically good match (arranged marriage
58
which 3 factors combine to produce different types of love?
1. intimacy
2. passion
3. commitment
59
define the different types of love according to sternbergs triangle?
- companionate = intimacy and commitment
- fatuous love = passion and commitment
- romantic love = passion and intimacy
Consummate = passion, intimacy and commitment
60
where is polygamy most often found?
sub-Saharan Africa
61
why did monogamy become more practiced?
- more gender equality
- less crime and substance abuse
- less child mortality
62
what is the physiological perspective for romantic love?
physiological arousal and the belief that the other person is the reason for it causes people to have romantic love/maintain it.
63
what are some cultural differences in love?
- generally the same
- americans emphasize the similarity and good looks of their partners more than Chinese do
- western cultures believe love is a reason to marry
64
what are some gender differences in love?
- men - more romantic attitudes than women
- women - more selective
65
true or false: romantic love typically decreases after a while
true
66
what are some examples of strains on relationships?
- rejection
- jealousy
- deception
67
define: relational value
the degree to which others consider their relationship with us to be valuable, important or close
68
define: meta-perception
How we think others see us
69
define: meta-accuracy
the extent to which meta-perceptions are correct
70
what is used to measure ostracism?
cyberball
71
define: reactive jealousy
when someone becomes aware of an actual threat to the relationship
72
define: suspicious jealousy
happens when the suspicious is not warranted
73
what are some factors that influence jealousy?
- dependence
- inadequacy
- personality traits
- gender and culture
74
what do men and women get jealous about?
- men - sexual infidelity
- women - emotional infidelity
75
why do men and women get jealous about different things?
child care is costly so women look for love and men don't want to take care of another man's child so sex is more important
76
define: self-centered lies
lies to protect themselves or for their benefit
77
define: other-oriented lies
to protect others or for their benefit (aka altruistic lies)
78
true or false: people tend to say other-oriented lies to their friends as opposed to acquaintances
true
79
define: relational devaluation
apparent decreases in others' regard for us
80
define: deceiver's distrust
when people lie to others, they often begin to perceive the recipients of the lies as less honest and trustworthy as a result
81
define: truth bias
you assume your partner is telling the truth
82
what are the two views of conflict?
1. conflict disrupts normal interactions
2. it is a normal part of relationships
83
true or false: conflict can sometimes be good
true
84
what are 4 interpersonal conflict causes?
1. criticism
2. illegitimate demands
3. rebuffs
4. cumulative annoyances
85
true or false: conflict may arise because of climate change
true
86
how can conflict be resolved in groups?
working on a shared goal called a subordinate goal
87
define: realistic group conflict theory
argues conflict through group stems from competition for scarce resources
88
what are the different classifications of conflict behaviours?
1. hostility - high intensity and negative
2. distress - low/moderate intensity and negative
3. withdrawal - low intensity and negative
4. intimacy - high intensity and positive
5. problem solving - low intensity and positive
89
what are gender differences in conflict behaviours?
- women - more high intensity
- men - more low intensity
90
what are the 5 ways of ending conflict?
1. separation
2. domination
3. compromise
4. integrative agreements
5. structural improvement
91
what does the ABC model stand for?
A. avoiders
B. battlers
C. collaborators
92
what is the STLC conflict model?
Stop
Think
Listen
Communicate
93
what are 4 types of couples suggested by John Gottman?
1. volatile
2. validators
3. avoiders
4. hostile
94
define: dialectics
when people devote themselves to an intimate relationship, people often experience opposing motivations called this that can never be entirely satisfied because they contradict each other
95
define: attributional conflict
fighting over whose explanation is right and whose account is wrong
96
define: negative affect reciprocity
exchanging escalating provocations back and forth
97
define: flooding
can occur when people become overwhelmed by high arousal and strong emotion and are unable for a time to think straight
98
define: social structure hypothesis
argues that the demand/withdraw pattern results from pervasive differences in the power of men and women in society and marriage alike
99
what are 4 types of responses to dissatisfaction in close relationships?
1. voice
2. loyalty
3. neglect
4. exit
