Final Exam Flashcards
Prolactin is produced in?
Pituitary lactotropes (pars distalis)
Prolactin’s general function & actions
-mammals
-fish
-birds
-amphibians
Mammals
-lactogeneisis (milk production)
-pregnancy maintenance
-nesting and maternal behavior
Fish
-mucous production in discus fish
Birds
-crop sac milk
-brood patch formation
Amphibians
-water drive
-skin sloughing and tail regeneration
-stimulates larvae growth
Prolactin’s Regulation
-inhibited by dopamine
-GABA inhibits
-estrogen stimulates
-suckling stimulates
Prolactin’s Receptor
Cytokine receptor
a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone produced
pars intermedia of pituitary melanotropes
a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone general function and action
stimulates pigmentation
a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone regulation
-dopamine inhibits
-background color
a-melanocyte-stimulating hormone receptor
G-protein coupled
Growth hormone produced
pituitary somatotropes (pars distalis)
Growth hormone general function and action
-growth
-chondrogenesis at the epiphyseal plate of bone
- stimulates lipolysis
- diabetogenic (insulin resistance)
-seawater adaption
Growth hormone receptor
cytokine receptor
Growth hormone regulation
-stimulated by GH-releasing hormone (GHRH)
-inhibited by somatostatin
-stimulated by ghrelin
- inhibited by insulin-like growth factor
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) produced
hypothalamus
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH general function and actions
-regulator of the reproductive
-stimulates FSH & LH
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) regulation
stimulated by puberty
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor
g-protein coupled
ACTH produced
pituitary corticotropes (pars distalis)
ACTH general function & action
-increases cortisol production
ACTH regulation
-corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulates
-Arginine vasopressin stimulates
-stress stimulates glucocorticoids and inhibits ACTH
ACTH receptor
g-protein coupled receptor
AVP is known as what invertebrates
arginine vasotocin
AVP produced
PVN of hypothalamus
AVP general function and action
-water retention and water absorption in vertebrates
-induces male-like behaviors
AVP regulation
-stimulated by high osmolality
-reduced blood volume or bp stimulates it
-alcohol inhibits
AVP receptor
g-protein-coupled receptor
Thyroid hormone produced
thyroid
Thyroid hormone general function and action
-stimulates metabolic rate
-increases body temp
- increases growth & development
-stimulates metamorphosis
-stimulates fish migration
-stimulates smoltification
Thyroid hormone regulation
-stimulated by TSH
-stimulated by cold exposure because coldness stimulates TSH
-stimulated by increased caloric intake
Thyroid hormone receptor
g proetein coupled receptor
Oxytocin produced
hypothalamus
Oxytocin’s general function and action
-milk release
-induce uterine contraction
-PRL secretion
-maternal behavior
-may stimulate human sexual responses
Oxytocin regulation
-stimulated by suckling & uterine contractions
Oxytocin receptor
g protein-coupled receptor
Somatosonin produced
hypothalamus
Somatosonin general function and action
general inhibitor of cell and paracrine function
-inhibits GH secretion
-suppresses glucagon and insulin
Calcitonin produced
parafollicular cells
Calcitonin general function and action
- satiety hormone
-reduces the calcium in the blood
Calcitonin regulation
elevated calcium increases secretion
Calcitonin receptor
g-protein coupled receptor
PTH produced
chief cells of the parathyroid gland
PTH general function and action
-increases calcium absorption and plasma calcium
-stimulates active vitamin D production
PTH regulation
-stimulated by low plasma calcium
-inhibited by high calcium
PTH receptors
g protein-coupled receptor
Vitamin D produced
-in skin by UV light or from diet
Vitamin D’s general function and action
-increase serum calcium and calcium absorption
-bone reabsorption
Vitamin D regulation
-low serum calcium stimulates active vitamin D
Vitamin D receptor
g-protein coupled
Erythropoietin produced
peritubular cells of the kidney
Erythropoietin general functions and actions
stimulate red blood cell production
Epinephrine produced
adrenal medulla
Epinephrine’s general functions and actions
-mobilizes energy substrates required to make glucose
-increase glycogenolysis & lipolysis
-elicits a cardiovascular effect
-relaxes smooth muscle
-induces thermogenesis
Epinephrine regulation
-stress stimulates
-acetylcholine stimulates
-cortisol enhances effects
Epinephrine receptor
g-protein coupled
Cortisol produced
zona fasiculate of adrenal cortex
Cortisol general function and action
primary stress hormone
-inhibit protein synthesis
-promote lipolysis
-lowers immunity
Cortisol regulation
-stress stimulates
-low glucose level stimulates it
-immune system and inflammation enhance it
Cortisol receptor
g protein coupled
Aldosterone produced
zona glomerulasa of adrenal cortex
Aldosterone general function and action
-NA absorption to increase blood sodium
-water absorption to increase blood pressure
Aldosrterone regulation
-stimulated by angiotensin II
-RAAS
Atrial natriuretic factor produced
by the heart
Atrial natriuretic factor general function and action
-reduces blood volume
-increases natriuresis (urination of sodium) & diuresis (excess secretion of urine)
-reduces ADH or arginine vasopressin secretion
Atrial natriuretic factor regulation
-stimulated by high blood volume
FSH produced
gonadotropes
FSH general function and action
regulate gonads
-increase ovarian follicle growth and estrogen synthesis
-increase spermatogenesis
FSH regulation
-stimulated by GnRH
-season
-stress/low energy state
-estradiol, progesterone, testosterone & inhibin inhibits
LH produced
gonadotropes
LH general function and action
-stimulates ovulation
-increases estrogen and progesterone synthesis
-increase androgen synthesis (testosterone)
LH regulation
-stimulated by GnRH
-season
-stress and energy
-estradiol, progesterone, testosterone & inhibin inhibits
