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ENDO 34 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

(103 cards)

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1
Q

Site of production for gastrin?

A

Stomach or antral G cells

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2
Q

Action and function of gastrin

A

~increases gastric acid secretion from parietal cells
~increases antral motility & gastrointestinal growth
~stimulates secretin
~inhibits gastrin secretion
~increases cholecystokinin induced release of digestive enzymes

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3
Q

Regulation of gastrin

A

-increased in response to gut digestion (expansion) caused by food intake
-increased in response to gastrin releasing peptide

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4
Q

Gastrin Action Chart

A

**

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4
Q

Where is secretin produced?

A

S cells of small intestine

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5
Q

How is secretin regulation

A

stimulated by gastric acid

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6
Q

Actions of secretins

A

-stimulates HCO3/bicarbonate secretion
-increases CCK induced release of digestive enzymes

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7
Q

Where is cholecystokinin produced?

A

I cells of the small intestine

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7
Q

Actions of cholecystokinin

A

-stimulates pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate
-reduces gastric emptying
-promotes satiety (feeling of fullness)
-increased amounts promotes excessive eating

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7
Q

How is cholecystokinin regulated?

A

by peptides/amino acids

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8
Q

Site of production of gastric inhibitory peptide

A

K cells in stomach

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9
Q

Action of Gastric Inhibitory peptide

A

-inhibits gastric emptying
-inhibits gastric acid secretion
-stimulates glucose-mediated insulin release

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10
Q

How is gastric inhibitory peptide regulated?

A

Gastric inhibitory peptide is stimulated by elevated ingestinal glucose, amino acid and fatty acid

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11
Q

Grehlin is produced where?

A

in the stomach

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11
Q

Gastric inhibitory peptide works through what receptor?

A

GIP receptors

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12
Q

Insulin is an anabolic hormone which means it

A

produces energy stores through metabolic hormones

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12
Q

Insulin is produced by?

A

Beta cells of islet of lagerhans

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13
Q

Insulin action

A

decrease blood glucose
-stimulates glucose uptake
-promotes triglyceride
and proetin synthesis
-works oppositely to glucagon

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13
Q

Insulin regulation

A

-stimulated by high bp & gastric inhibitory peptides
-inhibited by epinephrine and glucagon

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13
Q

Insulin receptors

A

tyrosine kinase

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14
Q

Insulin deficiency leads to

A

diabetes, lipolysis, ketogenesis and proteolysis

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15
Q

Glucagon is a catabolic hormone which means it

A

stimulate the breakdown of molecules and the production of energy

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15
Q

Glucagon is produced

A

alpha cells of pancreatic islet of Langerhans

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16
Q

Glucagon action

A

increase blood glucose
-promotes lipolysis, glycogenolysis, amino acids to glucose and glycerol

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17
Glucagon is regulated by
low blood glucose levels and inhibited by insulin
17
What is type 1 diabetes
insulin-dependent, when no insulin is produced
18
What causes type 1 diabetes
destroyed Beta cells
19
Effects of type 1 diabetes
polyuria(excess urine) polydipsia (excess thirst) ketoacidosis (ketone production)
19
Type 1 diabetes treatment
insulin
20
What is type 2 diabetes?
non-insulin-dependent, insulin produced just tissue resisted
21
Type 2 diabetes effect
Central obesity adipokines secretion(adiponectin & resisten)
21
Type 2 diabetes treatment
diet, exercise
22
neuropeptide Y produced
hypothalamus/brain
22
neuropeptide y general function and action
-stimulates appetite/food intake
23
Agouti-related peptide produced
in the brain
24
Agouti-related peptide general action and function
stimulates feeding reduces metabolism and energy
24
Agouti-related peptide regulation
inhibited by leptin
25
Grehlin produced
stomach
25
Grehlin's general function and action
-stimulate appetite -activates neuropeptide Y and agouti related peptide -stimulates growth hormone
26
Ghrelin regulation
fasting and stomach shrinkage increase it
27
Melanocortins produced
in brain
27
Melanocortin's general function and action
inhibit apetite, mutation leads to obesisty
28
Leptin is produced in
white adipose, fat
29
Leptin general function and action
inhibit appetite reduce weight gain inhibits appetite-stimulating hormones
30
Leptin receptor
cytokine
30
IGF-1 produced in
liver
31
IGF-1 general action and function
cell proliferation dual effector hypothesis
32
The dual effector hypothesis is
when GH induces differentiation of certain precursor cells which leads to IGF-1 responsiveness and expression.Later bone formation
33
IGF-1 regulation
GH and androhgens stimulates glucocorticoids and estrogen inhibit
34
IGF-1 receptor
tyrosine kinase
35
IGF-2 produced
liver and brain
36
IGF-2 general action and function
works through IGF-1 receptors regulate cell proliferation
37
IGF-2 is regulated by
GH, it's dependent on GH
38
Epidermal growth factor is produced
salivary gland
39
Epidermal growth factor general action and function
induces cell proliferation promotes wound healing
40
Epidermal growth factor receptor
tyrosine kinase
41
TGF-alpha general action and function
normal development enhances cell proliferation
42
TGF-alpha is regulated by
wounds
43
TGF-beta general action and functions
-inhibits proliferation -stimulates other growth factors (low levels favor growth while high levels inhibit growth) -stimulate blood vessel formation (keloids)
44
Mullerian inhibiting hormone produced
embryonic mammalian testes
45
Mullerian hormone general function and action
-thwarts uterus and oviduct development
46
Inhibin & activins produced
in gonads or hypothalamus
47
Inhibins and activins general function and action
-inhibin inhibits FSH, GnRH -activin stimulates FSH synthesis & secretion, wound repair -both induces mesodermal structures
48
Myostatin produced
muscle
49
Myostatin general action and function
inhibits muscle growth
50
Mutation in myostatin causes
double muscling or proliferation of muscle tissue
51
Platelet-derived growth factor action and general function
wound repair
52
Platelet-derived growth factor receptor
tyrosine kinase receptor
53
Erythropoietin produced
kidney and astrocytes
54
Erythropoietin general function and action
Works to fix low blood oxygen (hypoxia) -stimulate red blood cell proliferation -increase hemoglobin content -increases stamina
55
What do hematopoietic growth factors do?
regulate differentiation of a hematocytoblastic stem cell
56
What are hematopoietic growth factors?
erythropoietin colony-stimulating factors some interleukins
57
What are eicosanoids
inflammatory hormones 1.protoglandins 2.leukotrienes 3.lipoxins 4. thromboxines
58
Actions of eicosanoids
1. mediation of inflammation 2. prevent blood loss smooth muscle contraction
59
Prostoglandins & leukotrienes action
stimulate blood vessel dilation to produce edema (swelling of tissue), provoke pain and fever and stimulate lysosome release
60
Lipoxins action
counteract inflammatory responses
61
Thromboxines
constrict blood vessels and promote platelet aggregation
62
Sex determination is
process whereby the bipotential gonad develops into testes or ovaries
63
Sex differentiation required
the developing gonad to function appropriately
64
Sex determination is regulated by what two things
chromosomes, environment or a combination
65
When a fish is synchronous then
sheds both eggs and sperm at the same time
66
When a fish is asynchronous then
initially one sex and then reverses to the opposite sex
67
In turtles temperature determines sex, hot _______ and ______ dudes
hot, cool
68
Chromosomal sex is
when there is a Y or X chromosome
69
Gonadal sex is
the presence of testis or ovaries
70
Phenotypic/anatomic sex is
the presence of male or female external and internal genitalia
71
Only ___ copy of the X chromosomes is active in females
1
72
The "Y" chromosome determines
maleness
73
Y chromosome contains SRY gene that
encodes for testes determine the factor
74
If SRY gene is deleted then
testes won't be developed
75
Sertoli cells
-produce androgen binding proteins and inhibin -secrete anti-Mullerian hormone/ or Mullerian inhibiting factor
76
anti-Mullerian hormone/ or Mullerian inhibiting factor general function or action
inhibits the development of parts of the female gonad
77
Leydig cells
secretes testosterone to produce the male gonad
78
Testosterone is produced
Leydig cells
79
Testosterone general function and action
-induces adult male secondary sex characteristics -male brain/behavior -induces male gonad formation -promote skeletal and muscle growth -brood patch formation
80
Androgens are considered pure because
they cannot be converted to estrogen
81
Wolffian Ducts lead to
vas deferns seminal vesicles epididymis
82
Turner's Syndrome
XO or X Female gonadal dysfunction Can be treated with estrogen
83
Klinefelter's Syndrome
Extra X chromosome, XXY Lack of adequate male gonads Low testosterone or higher-than-average estrogen It can be treated with androgens
84
Hermaphroditism
having both male and female reproductive organs
85
Testicular Feminization
male pseudohermaphrodites mutation in androgen receptor less pubic hair, large breasts
86
5alpha reductase deficiency
enzyme converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone
87
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia
female psedohermaphrodites excess androgen masculinized appearance

ENDO 34 (2 decks)

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