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ENDO 34 > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Site of production for gastrin?

A

Stomach or antral G cells

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2
Q

Action and function of gastrin

A

~increases gastric acid secretion from parietal cells
~increases antral motility & gastrointestinal growth
~stimulates secretin
~inhibits gastrin secretion
~increases cholecystokinin induced release of digestive enzymes

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3
Q

Regulation of gastrin

A

-increased in response to gut digestion (expansion) caused by food intake
-increased in response to gastrin releasing peptide

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4
Q

Gastrin Action Chart

A

**

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4
Q

Where is secretin produced?

A

S cells of small intestine

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5
Q

How is secretin regulation

A

stimulated by gastric acid

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6
Q

Actions of secretins

A

-stimulates HCO3/bicarbonate secretion
-increases CCK induced release of digestive enzymes

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7
Q

Where is cholecystokinin produced?

A

I cells of the small intestine

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7
Q

Actions of cholecystokinin

A

-stimulates pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate
-reduces gastric emptying
-promotes satiety (feeling of fullness)
-increased amounts promotes excessive eating

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7
Q

How is cholecystokinin regulated?

A

by peptides/amino acids

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8
Q

Site of production of gastric inhibitory peptide

A

K cells in stomach

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9
Q

Action of Gastric Inhibitory peptide

A

-inhibits gastric emptying
-inhibits gastric acid secretion
-stimulates glucose-mediated insulin release

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10
Q

How is gastric inhibitory peptide regulated?

A

Gastric inhibitory peptide is stimulated by elevated ingestinal glucose, amino acid and fatty acid

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11
Q

Grehlin is produced where?

A

in the stomach

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11
Q

Gastric inhibitory peptide works through what receptor?

A

GIP receptors

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12
Q

Insulin is an anabolic hormone which means it

A

produces energy stores through metabolic hormones

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12
Q

Insulin is produced by?

A

Beta cells of islet of lagerhans

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13
Q

Insulin action

A

decrease blood glucose
-stimulates glucose uptake
-promotes triglyceride
and proetin synthesis
-works oppositely to glucagon

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13
Q

Insulin regulation

A

-stimulated by high bp & gastric inhibitory peptides
-inhibited by epinephrine and glucagon

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13
Q

Insulin receptors

A

tyrosine kinase

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14
Q

Insulin deficiency leads to

A

diabetes, lipolysis, ketogenesis and proteolysis

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15
Q

Glucagon is a catabolic hormone which means it

A

stimulate the breakdown of molecules and the production of energy

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15
Q

Glucagon is produced

A

alpha cells of pancreatic islet of Langerhans

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16
Q

Glucagon action

A

increase blood glucose
-promotes lipolysis, glycogenolysis, amino acids to glucose and glycerol

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17
Q

Glucagon is regulated by

A

low blood glucose levels and inhibited by insulin

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17
Q

What is type 1 diabetes

A

insulin-dependent, when no insulin is produced

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18
Q

What causes type 1 diabetes

A

destroyed Beta cells

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19
Q

Effects of type 1 diabetes

A

polyuria(excess urine)
polydipsia (excess thirst)
ketoacidosis (ketone production)

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19
Q

Type 1 diabetes treatment

A

insulin

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20
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

non-insulin-dependent, insulin produced just tissue resisted

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21
Q

Type 2 diabetes effect

A

Central obesity
adipokines secretion(adiponectin & resisten)

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21
Q

Type 2 diabetes treatment

A

diet, exercise

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22
Q

neuropeptide Y produced

A

hypothalamus/brain

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22
Q

neuropeptide y general function and action

A

-stimulates appetite/food intake

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23
Q

Agouti-related peptide produced

A

in the brain

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24
Q

Agouti-related peptide general action and function

A

stimulates feeding
reduces metabolism and energy

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24
Q

Agouti-related peptide regulation

A

inhibited by leptin

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25
Q

Grehlin produced

A

stomach

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25
Q

Grehlin’s general function and action

A

-stimulate appetite
-activates neuropeptide Y and agouti related peptide
-stimulates growth hormone

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26
Q

Ghrelin regulation

A

fasting and stomach shrinkage increase it

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27
Q

Melanocortins produced

A

in brain

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27
Q

Melanocortin’s general function and action

A

inhibit apetite, mutation leads to obesisty

28
Q

Leptin is produced in

A

white adipose, fat

29
Q

Leptin general function and action

A

inhibit appetite
reduce weight gain
inhibits appetite-stimulating hormones

30
Q

Leptin receptor

A

cytokine

30
Q

IGF-1 produced in

A

liver

31
Q

IGF-1 general action and function

A

cell proliferation
dual effector hypothesis

32
Q

The dual effector hypothesis is

A

when GH induces differentiation of certain precursor cells which leads to IGF-1 responsiveness and expression.Later bone formation

33
Q

IGF-1 regulation

A

GH and androhgens stimulates
glucocorticoids and estrogen inhibit

34
Q

IGF-1 receptor

A

tyrosine kinase

35
Q

IGF-2 produced

A

liver and brain

36
Q

IGF-2 general action and function

A

works through IGF-1 receptors
regulate cell proliferation

37
Q

IGF-2 is regulated by

A

GH, it’s dependent on GH

38
Q

Epidermal growth factor is produced

A

salivary gland

39
Q

Epidermal growth factor general action and function

A

induces cell proliferation
promotes wound healing

40
Q

Epidermal growth factor receptor

A

tyrosine kinase

41
Q

TGF-alpha general action and function

A

normal development
enhances cell proliferation

42
Q

TGF-alpha is regulated by

A

wounds

43
Q

TGF-beta general action and functions

A

-inhibits proliferation
-stimulates other growth factors (low levels favor growth while high levels inhibit growth)
-stimulate blood vessel formation (keloids)

44
Q

Mullerian inhibiting hormone produced

A

embryonic mammalian testes

45
Q

Mullerian hormone general function and action

A

-thwarts uterus and oviduct development

46
Q

Inhibin & activins produced

A

in gonads or hypothalamus

47
Q

Inhibins and activins general function and action

A

-inhibin inhibits FSH, GnRH
-activin stimulates FSH synthesis & secretion, wound repair
-both induces mesodermal structures

48
Q

Myostatin produced

A

muscle

49
Q

Myostatin general action and function

A

inhibits muscle growth

50
Q

Mutation in myostatin causes

A

double muscling or proliferation of muscle tissue

51
Q

Platelet-derived growth factor action and general function

A

wound repair

52
Q

Platelet-derived growth factor receptor

A

tyrosine kinase receptor

53
Q

Erythropoietin produced

A

kidney and astrocytes

54
Q

Erythropoietin general function and action

A

Works to fix low blood oxygen (hypoxia)
-stimulate red blood cell proliferation
-increase hemoglobin content
-increases stamina

55
Q

What do hematopoietic growth factors do?

A

regulate differentiation of a hematocytoblastic stem cell

56
Q

What are hematopoietic growth factors?

A

erythropoietin
colony-stimulating factors
some interleukins

57
Q

What are eicosanoids

A

inflammatory hormones
1.protoglandins
2.leukotrienes
3.lipoxins
4. thromboxines

58
Q

Actions of eicosanoids

A
  1. mediation of inflammation
  2. prevent blood loss
    smooth muscle contraction
59
Q

Prostoglandins & leukotrienes action

A

stimulate blood vessel dilation to produce edema (swelling of tissue), provoke pain and fever and stimulate lysosome release

60
Q

Lipoxins action

A

counteract inflammatory responses

61
Q

Thromboxines

A

constrict blood vessels and promote platelet aggregation

62
Q

Sex determination is

A

process whereby the bipotential gonad develops into testes or ovaries

63
Q

Sex differentiation required

A

the developing gonad to function appropriately

64
Q

Sex determination is regulated by what two things

A

chromosomes, environment or a combination

65
Q

When a fish is synchronous then

A

sheds both eggs and sperm at the same time

66
Q

When a fish is asynchronous then

A

initially one sex and then reverses to the opposite sex

67
Q

In turtles temperature determines sex, hot _______ and ______ dudes

A

hot, cool

68
Q

Chromosomal sex is

A

when there is a Y or X chromosome

69
Q

Gonadal sex is

A

the presence of testis or ovaries

70
Q

Phenotypic/anatomic sex is

A

the presence of male or female external and internal genitalia

71
Q

Only ___ copy of the X chromosomes is active in females

A

1

72
Q

The “Y” chromosome determines

A

maleness

73
Q

Y chromosome contains SRY gene that

A

encodes for testes determine the factor

74
Q

If SRY gene is deleted then

A

testes won’t be developed

75
Q

Sertoli cells

A

-produce androgen binding proteins and inhibin
-secrete anti-Mullerian hormone/ or Mullerian inhibiting factor

76
Q

anti-Mullerian hormone/ or Mullerian inhibiting factor general function or action

A

inhibits the development of parts of the female gonad

77
Q

Leydig cells

A

secretes testosterone to produce the male gonad

78
Q

Testosterone is produced

A

Leydig cells

79
Q

Testosterone general function and action

A

-induces adult male secondary sex characteristics
-male brain/behavior
-induces male gonad formation
-promote skeletal and muscle growth
-brood patch formation

80
Q

Androgens are considered pure because

A

they cannot be converted to estrogen

81
Q

Wolffian Ducts lead to

A

vas deferns
seminal vesicles
epididymis

82
Q

Turner’s Syndrome

A

XO or X
Female gonadal dysfunction
Can be treated with estrogen

83
Q

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

A

Extra X chromosome, XXY
Lack of adequate male gonads
Low testosterone or higher-than-average estrogen
It can be treated with androgens

84
Q

Hermaphroditism

A

having both male and female reproductive organs

85
Q

Testicular Feminization

A

male pseudohermaphrodites
mutation in androgen receptor
less pubic hair, large breasts

86
Q

5alpha reductase deficiency

A

enzyme converts testosterone to dihydrotestosterone

87
Q

Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia

A

female psedohermaphrodites
excess androgen
masculinized appearance

ENDO 34 (2 decks)

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