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Semester 1 Chem, Biochem, and Nutrition > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

increase in size of an organism

A

growth

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2
Q

orderly sequence of events where the fetus progresses to an adaptable adult capable of surviving its environment

A

development

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3
Q

sum of characteristics biologically transmitted from parents to offspring that determines physical traits

A

heredity

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4
Q

What are the two cell types

A

somatic or reproductive

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5
Q

What type of cells is heredity concerned with

A

germ or reproductive

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6
Q

How many pairs of chromosomes are in each cell

A

23 pairs

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7
Q

a very long strand of DNA and contains many genes

A

chromosome

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8
Q

What is the location of a gene called

A

locus

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9
Q

a segment of DNA containing the code used to synthesize a protein

A

gene

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10
Q

person’s unique combination of genes or genetic makeup

A

genotype

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11
Q

the actual structure and function of a person’s body

A

phenotype

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12
Q

full set of chromosomes in a person’s cells

A

karyotype

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13
Q

What do a person’s 46 chromosomes contain

A

individual’s phenotype

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14
Q

What is the most common chromosomal birth defect

A

down syndrome

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15
Q

What are the factors that are responsible for regulation of development

A

genetic, hormonal, and environmental

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16
Q

cell division and subsequent increase in cell number

A

hyperplasia

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17
Q

increased cell size with no further increase in cell number

A

hypertrophy

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18
Q

What is hyperplasia measured by

A

DNA weight of tissue

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19
Q

What is hypertrophy measured by

A

amount of protein or DNA

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20
Q

What happens if you are ascorbic acid defincient

A

odontoblastic atrophy or lacking dentin

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21
Q

What happens if you are vitamin a deficient

A

ameloblasts affected, enamel hypoplasia, odontoblastic disarrangement, salivary gland atrophy, and increased dental caries

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22
Q

What happens if you are iron deficinet

A

slow growth, anemia, absence of normal pigmentation of incisors, decreased salivary flow, increased caries

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23
Q

What happens if you have protein malnutrition

A

slow growth, overall smaller size, delayed molar eruption, impaired salivary function, and increased caries

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24
Q

What causes cleft lip and palate

A

folic acid

25
Q

foods or beverages that readily cause a drop in plaque pH to less than 5.5 within 30 minutes

A

acidogenic

26
Q

What amino acids are oxidized into sulfuric acid

A

methionine and cysteine

27
Q

food or beverages that contain fermentable carbs that can be metabolized by oral bacteria to cause a decrease in plaque pH to less than 5.5 and result in demineralization of tooth enamel and ultimately caries

A

cariogenic

28
Q

foods or beverages that can prevent cariogenic activity when eaten before an acidogenic product

A

anticariogenic

29
Q

foods or beverages that cannot be metabolized by dental plaque bacteria within 30 minutes and do not cause a drop in salivary pH to critical level of less than 5.5

A

cariostatic

30
Q
  • directly effects plaque metabolism
  • reduces carbs availability as a source of energy
  • increases salivary urea levels
  • in general, cariostatic
A

proteins

31
Q
  • change the surface property of enamel
  • interfere with sugar solubility
  • directly inhibit bacterial growth
  • replaces carbs as a source of energy
  • in genera, cariostatic
A

lipids

32
Q

What vitamin is considered to be cariogenic

A

niacin

33
Q

What vitamin is considered to be cariostatic

A

pyridoxine

34
Q

associated with low caries

A

fluoride

35
Q

What are the beneficial trace minerals

A

strontium, vanadium, lithium, zinc, iron, molybdenum

36
Q

What trace minerals are associated with increased caries

A

selenium, copper, lead, and cadmium

37
Q

What sugars are monosaccharides

A

glucose fructose and galactose

38
Q

What sugars are disaccharides

A

sucrose lactose and maltose

39
Q

What are the fiber sugar alcohols

A

saccharin aspartame and sucralose

40
Q

most important substrate in synthesis of adhesive and storage polysaccharides

A

sucrose

41
Q

How much sweeter is aspartame compred to sucrose

A

180 x

42
Q

What are the food cariogenicity tests

A

chemical analysis of foods, physical-chemical properties, acid production in saliva, plaque studies, in vitro caries, in vivo caries, animal models

43
Q

What nutrients may modulate perio disease

A

vitamin c, vitamin d, and calcium

44
Q

a complex biological process that aims to restore the damaged tissues

A

wound healing

45
Q

What types of cells are involved in wound healing

A

platelets, neutrophils, macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelia cells

46
Q

What is wound healing controlled by

A

cytokines and chemokines

47
Q

What are the four phases of wound healing

A

hemostasis, inflammation, repair, and remodeling

48
Q

activated by external trauma that causes blood to escape from vascular system

A

extrinsic

49
Q

Is the extrinsic or intrinsic pathway quicker

A

extrinsic

50
Q

activated by trauma inside vascular system

A

intrinsic pathway

51
Q

What is new tissue comprised of

A

collagen and extracellular matrix

52
Q

net work of blood vessels

A

angiogenesis

53
Q

final phase of cellular remodeling and occurs once the wound has closed

A

maturation

54
Q

What type of collagen does type III collagen turn into during maturation

A

type I

55
Q

What can delay wound healing

A

protein energy malnutrition

56
Q

What percent of total caloric intake should be carbs

A

55-60 %

57
Q

What percent of the caloric intake should be proteins

A

20-25 %

58
Q

What percent of the caloric intake should be fats

A

20-25 %

Semester 1 Chem, Biochem, and Nutrition (2 decks)

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