Exam 5 Review Flashcards
What is the protein for the digestive system?
amylase lipase
how many mg/100mL are present of amylase lipase in the digestive system?
50 mg/100mL
What is the function of amylase lipase in the digestive system?
hydrolyzes 1,4 glycosidic bonds active at a low pH
What protein is present when the pellicle forms?
proline-rich proteins, statherin, cystatins, and histatins
How many mg/100mL of proline-rich proteins are evident when the pellice is forming?
50 mg/100mL
What is the function of proline-rich proteins when the pellicle forms?
inhibit crystal initiation and growth
How many mg/100mL of statherin is present when the pellicle forms?
10 mg/100mL
What is the function of statherin when the pellicle forms?
similar to PRPs
What is the function of cystatins when the pellicle forms?
protease inhibition
What is the function of histatins when the pellicle forms?
bacteriostatic; antifungal
What are the ways that saliva protects the teeth?
neutralizing acids
flushing out food and bacteria
acts as a lubricant
forming pellicle on the tooth surface
remineralization
What does the pellicle become upon bacterial colonization?
plaque
What does carbohydrate cause?
acidification
What is acidification reversed by?
saliva components
What does exposure time and pH change depend on?
plaque type
If saliva is not present, what are some things that can happen to the oral cavity?
s. mutans
caries
abrasion and erosion
plaque accumulation
gingival inflammation
candida
oral ulceration
taste acuity
When is saliva secretion low?
during sleep
Lactoferrin avidly binds iron to produce what?
nutritional immunity
Secretory IgA is predominant _______ in whole saliva.
immunoglobulin
Lysozyme is an antibacterial action via cell ______.
lysis
What is another name for histidine-rich proteins?
histatins
Are histidine-rich proteins acidic, basic, or neutral?
neutral or basic
What has antibacterial and antifungal activity?
histidine-rich proteins
What does histidine-rich proteins inhibit?
spontaneous calcium precipitation
Are histatins continuously secreted?
yes
What is a hydrophilic, asymmetrical compound?
mucin
Mucin is very resistant to ________.
proteolysis
What does mucin protect against?
dehydration and mechanical insult
Which product is an effective lubricant that aggregates bacteria?
mucin
What product inhibits bacterial adhesion?
mucin
What is it called when calcium builds up in places where it does not usually appear?
calcification
Where are two places that calcium appears?
coronary arteries or brain
What are physiological places that mineralization/calcification can occur?
bone
tooth
cartilage
What are a few pathological places that mineralization/calcification can occur?
blood vessels
brain
kidney stones
dental pulp stones
dental plaques
atheroscleoretic arteries and veins
damaged cardiac valves
What tissue is 95% inorganic, 1% organic, and 4% H2O
enamel
What tissue is 70% inorganic, 20% organic, and 10% H2O
dentin
What tissue is 60% inorganic, 25% organic, and 15% H2O
bone
What tissue is 84% inorganic, 10% organic, and 6% H2O
calculus
What is the mineral content order?
enamel, dentin, bone
What is the formula for hydroxyapatite?
Ca10(OH)2(PO4)6
the organized deposition of calcium and phosphate in an organic matrix
calcification
the process by which tissues transport, concentrate and form crystals of calcium phosphate in membranous structures called matrix vesicles
primary calcification
mineralization outside of matrix vesicles
secondary calcification
a “microenvironment” to facilitate calcification
matrix vesicles
Ca/P ratio
1.67
What is one of the most attractive materials for human hard tissue implants because it closely resembles to the bone and teeth
hydroxyapatite
What elements can be used to coat brittle HA making it more mechanical resistant?
titanium or titanium alloy
What does HA dissolve in?
body fluids when its crystal growth is low
What reveals a poor biocompatibility?
amorphous hydroxyapatite
What are the basic requirements for calcification?
source of calcium and phosphate
facilitators/promoters
fluorides
type 1 collagen
serve as templates for hydroxyapatite crystal formation
facilitators/promoters
What is the name for carboxyglutamate protein?
osteocalcin
What is osteocalcin secreted by?
osteoblasts
What is osteonectin?
a glycoprotein
prevent or delay the transformation of amorphous CaPO4 to hydroxyapatite
inhibitors/stabilizers
What are the two types of nutrients?
macronutrients and micronutrients
Are macronutrients required in small or large amounts?
large
Are proteins, fats, and carbohydrates macro or micro nutrients?
macronutrients
What are macronutrients needed for?
energy production
Are micronutrients required in small or large amounts?
small
Are vitamins and minerals macro or micro nutrients?
micronutrients
What percent of energy do carbohydrates give you?
50%
What percent of energy do fats give you?
20-30%
What percent of energy do proteins give you?
12-15%
What are the functions of nutrients?
essential for one or more of the 8 functions of life
is not synthesized or synthesized adequately in the body
if deficient, a recognizable loss of function
if deficient, reversible by specific nutrient
What is the consequence of lacking proteins?
reduced growth
What is the consequence of lacking iron?
anaemia
What is the consequence of lacking vitamin d?
reduced bone development in infants
What is the consequence of lacking calcium?
osteoporosis and increased risk of fracture
What is the consequence of having too much macronutrients?
obesity
What is the consequence of having too much sugar?
dental caries
What is the consequence of having too much saturated fats?
heart disease
What is the consequence of having too much sodium?
high blood pressure
What vitamins are water soluble?
thiamin (b1)
riboflavin (b2)
niacin (b3)
pantothenic acid
biotin
pyridoxine (b6)
folate
cobalamin (b12)
ascorbic acid (c)
What vitamins are fat soluble?
vitamin a, e, d, and k
What is the classical disease called associated with thiamin b1?
beriberi
Heavy alcohol use can inhibit the body’s ability to absorb what?
thiamine
What is thiamin b1 important for?
energy metabolism
What are the symptoms of being thiamin b1 deficient?
headaches, fatigue, restlessness, edema, heart failure, and polyneuritis
What is niacin b3 synthesized from?
tryptophan
What is pantothentic acid required for?
energy release from carbohydrates, proteins, and fats
What is biotin a coenzyme for?
purine formation
What are the symptoms of being biotin deficient?
painful tongue and glossitis
What is pyridoxine b6 primarily involved with?
protein catabolism
What are the oral symptoms of being pyridoxine b6 deficient?
glossitis and painful tongue
What is folic acid essential for?
nucleic acid and protein metabolism
What are the oral symptoms of being folic acid deficient?
gingivitis and increased risk of infections
What is cobalamin b12 essential for?
red blood cell formation
What does cobalamin b12 deficiency result in?
pernicious anemia
What does cobalamin b12 require for absorption?
intrinsic factor
What does ascorbic acid deficiency result in?
scurvy (poor wound healing), hemorrhage, bleeding gums, and connective tissue defects
What is vitamin a important for?
bone and tooth development
What does vitamin a deficiency result in?
night blindness, decrease resistance to infection, impaired healing, candidiasis, and xerostomia
Which vitamin plays a role in calcium and phosphorus metabolism?
vitamin d
What does being deficient in vitamin d cause?
osteomalacia or rickets in children
What is vitamin e?
antioxidant
What is a good source of vitamin k?
dark green leafy vegetables
What should you think of when you think of vitamin k?
coagulation
Major minerals are essential nutrients found in the body in what amounts?
larger than 5 grams
Trace minerals are essential nutrients found in the human body in what amounts?
less than 5 grams
What is circulating calcium vital for?
nerve transmission
muscle contraction
maintenance of cell membranes
blood clotting
enzymes
What is phosphorus mostly associated with?
calcium
What does reducing sodium intake in some individuals result in?
lowered blood pressure
What is a major intracellular electrolyte?
potassium
