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Semester 1 Chem, Biochem, and Nutrition > Exam 5 Review > Flashcards

Exam 5 Review Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the protein for the digestive system?

A

amylase lipase

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2
Q

how many mg/100mL are present of amylase lipase in the digestive system?

A

50 mg/100mL

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3
Q

What is the function of amylase lipase in the digestive system?

A

hydrolyzes 1,4 glycosidic bonds active at a low pH

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4
Q

What protein is present when the pellicle forms?

A

proline-rich proteins, statherin, cystatins, and histatins

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5
Q

How many mg/100mL of proline-rich proteins are evident when the pellice is forming?

A

50 mg/100mL

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6
Q

What is the function of proline-rich proteins when the pellicle forms?

A

inhibit crystal initiation and growth

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7
Q

How many mg/100mL of statherin is present when the pellicle forms?

A

10 mg/100mL

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8
Q

What is the function of statherin when the pellicle forms?

A

similar to PRPs

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9
Q

What is the function of cystatins when the pellicle forms?

A

protease inhibition

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10
Q

What is the function of histatins when the pellicle forms?

A

bacteriostatic; antifungal

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11
Q

What are the ways that saliva protects the teeth?

A

neutralizing acids
flushing out food and bacteria
acts as a lubricant
forming pellicle on the tooth surface
remineralization

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12
Q

What does the pellicle become upon bacterial colonization?

A

plaque

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13
Q

What does carbohydrate cause?

A

acidification

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14
Q

What is acidification reversed by?

A

saliva components

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15
Q

What does exposure time and pH change depend on?

A

plaque type

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15
Q

If saliva is not present, what are some things that can happen to the oral cavity?

A

s. mutans
caries
abrasion and erosion
plaque accumulation
gingival inflammation
candida
oral ulceration
taste acuity

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16
Q

When is saliva secretion low?

A

during sleep

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17
Q

Lactoferrin avidly binds iron to produce what?

A

nutritional immunity

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18
Q

Secretory IgA is predominant _______ in whole saliva.

A

immunoglobulin

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19
Q

Lysozyme is an antibacterial action via cell ______.

A

lysis

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20
Q

What is another name for histidine-rich proteins?

A

histatins

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21
Q

Are histidine-rich proteins acidic, basic, or neutral?

A

neutral or basic

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22
Q

What has antibacterial and antifungal activity?

A

histidine-rich proteins

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23
Q

What does histidine-rich proteins inhibit?

A

spontaneous calcium precipitation

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24
Q

Are histatins continuously secreted?

A

yes

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25
Q

What is a hydrophilic, asymmetrical compound?

A

mucin

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26
Q

Mucin is very resistant to ________.

A

proteolysis

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27
Q

What does mucin protect against?

A

dehydration and mechanical insult

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28
Q

Which product is an effective lubricant that aggregates bacteria?

A

mucin

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29
Q

What product inhibits bacterial adhesion?

A

mucin

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30
Q

What is it called when calcium builds up in places where it does not usually appear?

A

calcification

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31
Q

Where are two places that calcium appears?

A

coronary arteries or brain

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32
Q

What are physiological places that mineralization/calcification can occur?

A

bone
tooth
cartilage

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33
Q

What are a few pathological places that mineralization/calcification can occur?

A

blood vessels
brain
kidney stones
dental pulp stones
dental plaques
atheroscleoretic arteries and veins
damaged cardiac valves

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34
Q

What tissue is 95% inorganic, 1% organic, and 4% H2O

A

enamel

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35
Q

What tissue is 70% inorganic, 20% organic, and 10% H2O

A

dentin

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36
Q

What tissue is 60% inorganic, 25% organic, and 15% H2O

A

bone

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37
Q

What tissue is 84% inorganic, 10% organic, and 6% H2O

A

calculus

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38
Q

What is the mineral content order?

A

enamel, dentin, bone

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39
Q

What is the formula for hydroxyapatite?

A

Ca10(OH)2(PO4)6

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40
Q

the organized deposition of calcium and phosphate in an organic matrix

A

calcification

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41
Q

the process by which tissues transport, concentrate and form crystals of calcium phosphate in membranous structures called matrix vesicles

A

primary calcification

42
Q

mineralization outside of matrix vesicles

A

secondary calcification

43
Q

a “microenvironment” to facilitate calcification

A

matrix vesicles

44
Q

Ca/P ratio

A

1.67

45
Q

What is one of the most attractive materials for human hard tissue implants because it closely resembles to the bone and teeth

A

hydroxyapatite

46
Q

What elements can be used to coat brittle HA making it more mechanical resistant?

A

titanium or titanium alloy

47
Q

What does HA dissolve in?

A

body fluids when its crystal growth is low

48
Q

What reveals a poor biocompatibility?

A

amorphous hydroxyapatite

49
Q

What are the basic requirements for calcification?

A

source of calcium and phosphate
facilitators/promoters
fluorides
type 1 collagen

50
Q

serve as templates for hydroxyapatite crystal formation

A

facilitators/promoters

51
Q

What is the name for carboxyglutamate protein?

A

osteocalcin

52
Q

What is osteocalcin secreted by?

A

osteoblasts

53
Q

What is osteonectin?

A

a glycoprotein

54
Q

prevent or delay the transformation of amorphous CaPO4 to hydroxyapatite

A

inhibitors/stabilizers

55
Q

What are the two types of nutrients?

A

macronutrients and micronutrients

56
Q

Are macronutrients required in small or large amounts?

A

large

57
Q

Are proteins, fats, and carbohydrates macro or micro nutrients?

A

macronutrients

58
Q

What are macronutrients needed for?

A

energy production

59
Q

Are micronutrients required in small or large amounts?

A

small

60
Q

Are vitamins and minerals macro or micro nutrients?

A

micronutrients

61
Q

What percent of energy do carbohydrates give you?

A

50%

62
Q

What percent of energy do fats give you?

A

20-30%

63
Q

What percent of energy do proteins give you?

A

12-15%

64
Q

What are the functions of nutrients?

A

essential for one or more of the 8 functions of life
is not synthesized or synthesized adequately in the body
if deficient, a recognizable loss of function
if deficient, reversible by specific nutrient

65
Q

What is the consequence of lacking proteins?

A

reduced growth

66
Q

What is the consequence of lacking iron?

A

anaemia

67
Q

What is the consequence of lacking vitamin d?

A

reduced bone development in infants

68
Q

What is the consequence of lacking calcium?

A

osteoporosis and increased risk of fracture

69
Q

What is the consequence of having too much macronutrients?

A

obesity

70
Q

What is the consequence of having too much sugar?

A

dental caries

71
Q

What is the consequence of having too much saturated fats?

A

heart disease

72
Q

What is the consequence of having too much sodium?

A

high blood pressure

73
Q

What vitamins are water soluble?

A

thiamin (b1)
riboflavin (b2)
niacin (b3)
pantothenic acid
biotin
pyridoxine (b6)
folate
cobalamin (b12)
ascorbic acid (c)

74
Q

What vitamins are fat soluble?

A

vitamin a, e, d, and k

75
Q

What is the classical disease called associated with thiamin b1?

A

beriberi

76
Q

Heavy alcohol use can inhibit the body’s ability to absorb what?

A

thiamine

77
Q

What is thiamin b1 important for?

A

energy metabolism

78
Q

What are the symptoms of being thiamin b1 deficient?

A

headaches, fatigue, restlessness, edema, heart failure, and polyneuritis

79
Q

What is niacin b3 synthesized from?

A

tryptophan

80
Q

What is pantothentic acid required for?

A

energy release from carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

81
Q

What is biotin a coenzyme for?

A

purine formation

82
Q

What are the symptoms of being biotin deficient?

A

painful tongue and glossitis

83
Q

What is pyridoxine b6 primarily involved with?

A

protein catabolism

84
Q

What are the oral symptoms of being pyridoxine b6 deficient?

A

glossitis and painful tongue

85
Q

What is folic acid essential for?

A

nucleic acid and protein metabolism

86
Q

What are the oral symptoms of being folic acid deficient?

A

gingivitis and increased risk of infections

87
Q

What is cobalamin b12 essential for?

A

red blood cell formation

88
Q

What does cobalamin b12 deficiency result in?

A

pernicious anemia

89
Q

What does cobalamin b12 require for absorption?

A

intrinsic factor

90
Q

What does ascorbic acid deficiency result in?

A

scurvy (poor wound healing), hemorrhage, bleeding gums, and connective tissue defects

91
Q

What is vitamin a important for?

A

bone and tooth development

92
Q

What does vitamin a deficiency result in?

A

night blindness, decrease resistance to infection, impaired healing, candidiasis, and xerostomia

93
Q

Which vitamin plays a role in calcium and phosphorus metabolism?

A

vitamin d

94
Q

What does being deficient in vitamin d cause?

A

osteomalacia or rickets in children

95
Q

What is vitamin e?

A

antioxidant

96
Q

What is a good source of vitamin k?

A

dark green leafy vegetables

97
Q

What should you think of when you think of vitamin k?

A

coagulation

98
Q

Major minerals are essential nutrients found in the body in what amounts?

A

larger than 5 grams

99
Q

Trace minerals are essential nutrients found in the human body in what amounts?

A

less than 5 grams

100
Q

What is circulating calcium vital for?

A

nerve transmission
muscle contraction
maintenance of cell membranes
blood clotting
enzymes

101
Q

What is phosphorus mostly associated with?

A

calcium

102
Q

What does reducing sodium intake in some individuals result in?

A

lowered blood pressure

103
Q

What is a major intracellular electrolyte?

A

potassium

Semester 1 Chem, Biochem, and Nutrition (2 decks)

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