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micr 201 > final exam > Flashcards

final exam Flashcards

1
Q

which stage of growth for a
microbial culture describes when the
microorganisms are ceasing to grow
further, but do not start decreasing in
numbers?

A

Stationary phase
-the flattening of the line on the graph

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2
Q

this stage of growth is the
maximum rate the microorganism can
grow under the current growth conditions.

A

Exponential phase/log phase
- the steep part of slope of line

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3
Q

If a doubling time of a microorganism is calculated to be x hours, what does this mean

A

The microorganism doubles in population every x hours

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4
Q

The sugar phosphate backbone of DNA is connected by what type of bonds?

A

Covalent bond

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5
Q

what is vibrio
morphology look like?

A

like a bean or crescent shape

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6
Q

describe to be a spirillum/spirochete morphology

A

spirals or squiggles

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7
Q

what does cocci morphology look like?

A

circles

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8
Q

what does bacillus morphology look like

A

rods or pill shapes

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9
Q

Which is NOT a type of microscopy visualization

A

gamma positron

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10
Q

what structure is likely to taste sweet,
like a sugar? (carbohydrate)

A

a sugar molecule (saccharide)
has oxygen and hydrogens
in small unit in a flattened looking diamond

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11
Q

what structure is most likely found in the
bi-lipid layer membrane of a cell (lipid)

A

a lipid
have long chains of carbon and hydrogen
and a phosphate head

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12
Q

which molecule is found in the DNA molecule (nucleic acids)

A

nucleic acid, which is made of amino acids
has nitrogenous base
has those basic chemistry shape units

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13
Q

what does the structure of a protein look like

A

built of amino acids by peptide bonds
carbon centers

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14
Q

are any of the carbohydrates, amino acids, proteins, or lipids a single atom compared to a molecule

A

no, they are macromolecules

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15
Q

The technique you learned in lab, transferring undefined rich medium from one tube to another without
generating a contaminated sample by putting microbes in it, is called what

A

aseptic technique

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16
Q

The methodology of culturing and isolating a single microbe from any environment is

A

Sample environment, inoculate media with sample, incubation, isolation, inspection/information
gathering, identification

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17
Q

what are are Dr. Robert Koch’s postulates

A

Find evidence of microbe in erie case of disease
Isolate the microbe from infected subject
Inoculate a healthy subject with isolated microbe
Observe same resulting disease, re isolate microbe

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18
Q

What would the complimentary DNA sequence be to this sequence: ATTGCTGAA

A

TAACGACTT
adenine goes to thymine
guanine goes to cytosine

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19
Q

What is the proper way to type out the name of a microorganism using a word processor

A

first name is capitalized the second word lower case
the whole name is italicized
ex. Methanothermus autotrophicum

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20
Q

What is the relative age when life appeared on Earth

A

3,000,000,000 years ago (3 billion)

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21
Q

This microbiologist from history is credited with disproving the hypothesis of spontaneous generation

A

Louis Pasteur

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22
Q

An organism that can grow with or without oxygen can be described as an

A

Facultative aerobe

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23
Q

The element carbon is an essential atom for all life on Earth, what are some of the reasons for this?

A

Carbon is found in DNA/RNA and sugars
It can form 4 covalent bonds
Carbon is found in amino acids and lipids

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24
Q

A theory is considered a more robust explanation of observed phenomena than a hypothesis, why

A

More experimentation has been conducted whose results support the observation

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25
Q

The glycocalyx is a structure that can be located where on the cell?

A

Outside the cell wall as a capsid or slime layer

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26
Q

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, a linen merchant, is considered the ‘father of microbiology’ because he
developed the very first, what

A

microscope

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27
Q

whats a selective plate

A

plate that inhibits growth of some microbes and encourage growth of the desired microbes

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28
Q

what is a differential plate

A

allows growth of several types of microbes and displays visible differences among those microbes
ex. by dye color

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29
Q

In microscopy, even though objects are small, there is still a difference in size. Select the arrangement of
items from smallest to largest:

A

Virus, bacterium, eukaryotic cell, human hair

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30
Q

whats the central dogma

A

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) —- transcription—-> ribonucleic acid (RNA) —-translation—-> protein

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31
Q

Molecular classification of microbial life on earth has been upgraded from physical observations to
using what?

A

16S rRNA gene sequence

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32
Q

The genes coded in the DNA are important, why

A

They are the blueprints to make proteins or RNAs

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33
Q

A bacterial cell attempting to swim away from a predator would be most successful using a

A

Flagella

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34
Q

Nucleosynthesis describes the generation of heavier atoms from hydrogen (T/F)

A

true

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35
Q

All bacteria cause disease. (T/F)

A

false

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36
Q

The Gram stain determines the presence or absence of deoxyribonucleic acid (T/F)

A

false

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37
Q

The Miller/Urey reaction attempted to see if biologically relevant molecules could be
generated from known simple early Earth chemicals (T/F)

A

true

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38
Q

There are four domains of life Bacteria, Eukarya, Archaea, and Thaumarcheoda (T/F)

A

false

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39
Q

Dr. Edward Jenner is known as ‘the father of immunology’ (T/F)

A

true

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40
Q

Dr. Carl Woese proposed the RNA world hypothesis (T/F)

A

true

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41
Q

Some bacterium can perform photosynthesis like plants (T/F)

A

true

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42
Q

A discrete colony generated from a streak plate has been grown by at least one isolated
microorganism (T/F)

A

true

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43
Q

On the molecular level, shape defines function (T/F)

A

true

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44
Q

All ‘living’ organisms and microorganisms have DNA (T/F)

A

true

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45
Q

Prokaryotes have no nucleus and Eukaryotes have a nucleus (T/F)

A

true

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46
Q

Viruses are facultative intracellular parasites and the most abundant microbes on earth (T/F)

A

false

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47
Q

The mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own circular genomes separate from the
organisms’ chromosome (T/F)

A

true

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48
Q

Microorganisms in legumes fix N2 for the plant in a symbiotic relationship (T/F)

A

true

49
Q

All proteins are enzymes, but some enzymes are proteins (T/F)

A

false

50
Q

Amoebic dysentery and Chaga’s disease are caused by microorganisms from the
kingdom Protista (T/F)

A

true

51
Q

Competitive inhibition means two substrates competing for the same active site of the
enzyme (T/F)

A

true

52
Q

A virus that infects a cell and immediately starts to replicate is described as a chronic
latency state (T/F)

A

false

53
Q

Viral cytopathic effects on a cell include DNA alteration, lysis, and transformation into
cancer cells. (T/F)

A

true

54
Q

Fungi produce some of the most complex chemicals, such as antibiotics, drugs, and
poisons (T/F)

A

true

55
Q

how can you tell by the molecule name its an enzyme

A

it will end in ‘ase’
ex. hexokinase

56
Q

Which molecule is ‘the currency of life’?

A

ATP
adenine triphosphate

57
Q

why is an enzyme needed in a catabolic reaction

A

The enzyme lowers the activation energy and drives products to reactants

58
Q

After completing aerobic respiration of a sugar molecule (composed of 6 carbon atoms) the final
products resulting from this type of catabolism are _______, ________, and ________?

A

6 CO2, water, and ATP

59
Q

A typical virus has a protein covering, composed of multiple smaller identical protein subunits that
interlock forming the capsid. What are these simple protein parts called before interlocking into the
capsid

A

Capsomers

60
Q

Viruses that code for an enzyme called a reverse transcriptase, have the unique ability to turn RNA into
cDNA. By doing this, and with the help of an integrase, it can insert the viral cDNA genetic code into
the host genome. If the incorporation of the viral DNA causes damage to the cell but not kill it and the
cell turns cancerous, what type of virus is this

A

Oncovirus

61
Q

For eukaryotic cells cilia and flagella are structures mounted on the outside membrane that allow the
microorganism to

A

Provides locomotion, attach to structures, or gather food

62
Q

When two living members of an ecosystem work together to provide nutrients, shelter, or defend each
other, the term ___________ can be used, but when one takes nutrients from the other, and provides no
distinct advantage to the other (but does not harm it), this is described with the word _____________.

A

Mutualism and commensalism

63
Q

Organisms from the kingdom fungi, typically have cell walls made from this polymer of sugar?

A

Chitin

64
Q

When measuring energy and carbon utilization within an organism (whether micro or macro), why does
the carbon/energy balance never equal the same when comparing what went into and out of the cell? For example, if 100 ‘units’ of carbon energy is eaten and only 70 ‘units’ come out as waste, where did the 30 units go

A

The microorganism takes a cut of the carbon and uses it to grow and repair

65
Q

Ethylene glycol is a common compound found in radiator fluid. It can be fatal if consumed by a cat, dog,
or human as it will be converted by the enzyme alcohol dehydrogenase to glycoaldehyde. Treating the
patient suffering from ethylene glycol poisoning with ethanol (in the form of strong alcohol) is an
example of what type of enzymatic activity inhibition?

A

Competitive inhibition

66
Q

this virus is using RNA to replicate all the parts to make more viruses. If the RNA is a + strand, why is it doing
replication in the cytosol of the cell

A

The + strand acts like a cell’s mRNA and initiate translation of the viral genes for making more viral parts

67
Q

The ability of an enzyme (from a non-thermophilic microbe) to complete a reaction decreases over time
when the temperature is raised from 20oC to 70oC, why does this happen

A

The enzyme is denaturing

68
Q

what does CRISPR stand for

A

Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats

69
Q

A new practice during farming, alternates growing crops of corn with crops of alfalfa or clover. Plants
that can add nutrients into the soil are used to replenish the soil for crops that use nutrients. The plants themselves cannot add nutrients into the soil, it is likely the plant has established a symbiotic with

A

A microorganism that can fix gaseous N2

70
Q

The electron transport system (ETS) use molecules like FADPH and NADH as electron shuttles to bring
electrons and protons to the ETS in order to pump protons across a membrane. Why is pumping protons
important for generating the energy rich molecule ATP

A

The proton motive force is generated where the crowded protons are forced to travel through the
ATP synthase enzyme which turns like a windmill producing ATP.

71
Q

What is the cell structure that is used between these different microorganisms? prokaryotes use their _________, while eukaryotes use their ___________, to generate ATP

A

Membrane and mitochondria

72
Q

Why would the chemicals being tested added
during the log phase of the growth of the microbes

A

Log phase is when they are metabolically most active

73
Q

All life on this planet that we consider ‘alive’ must have a measurable metabolism. What does the word
metabolism describe about a cell

A

All chemical and physical reactions that either break down or build molecules

74
Q

If a series of genes are always transcribing transcripts to be translated into enzymes. These specific types
of genes are sometimes referred to as ‘housekeeping’ genes, why?

A

These enzymes are necessary to conduct work for the cell to grow and generate energy

75
Q

The rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) as compared to the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER), is
different only because of the presence of ___________ imbedded in the membrane that will help in
translation of ___________, to be become a protein that will be packaged in the ER

A

Ribosomes and mRNA

76
Q

Enzymes are proteins that can accomplish specific jobs. How can they ‘know’ what job they need to do

A

Genes from the genome dictate specific sequence of amino acids to shape the enzyme (shape
defines function)

77
Q

Lakes and rivers in Illinois every year are increasingly developing harmful algal blooms. This is largely
due to a condition of the water becoming more ‘eutrophic’, what does this mean?

A

The environment contains lots of nutrients

78
Q

At a very basic level, all biological living systems need to have three basic inputs and three basic
outputs. What are the basic three input

A

Carbon source, energy/electron source, electron acceptor

79
Q

A metabolic pathway, which is controlled by an operon of genes, are only expressed by the presence of a
specific starting molecule (e.g. lactose), is referred to as _______ operon

A

An inducible operon

80
Q

What is the distinct advantage when comparing aerobic and anaerobic respiration, regarding energy
yields from catabolic reactions?

A

There is a considerably larger ATP yield in aerobic respiration than in anaerobic systems

81
Q

When the genetic information from a gene is read by the RNA Polymerase producing an RNA molecule
(either rRNA, tRNA, or mRNA), what part of the central hypothesis is this?

A

Transcription

82
Q

Where do organisms from the kingdom plantae typically get their electrons from? Where does the
energy come from

A

Water and light

83
Q

During aerobic cellular respiration, the final electron acceptor is?

A

Oxygen (O2)

84
Q

Photosynthesis (including light and dark reactions) is a metabolic pathway for plants to do what

A

Fix CO2, harvest electrons from water, and collect light energy to build larger molecules

85
Q

The technique Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) can be performed using a DNA polymerase from E.
coli but more enzyme has to be added after each cycle. Thermophilic bacteria and archaea discovered in
Yellowstone National Park allows this process to be done without having to add more enzyme during
each PCR step, why is that

A

The enzymes of thermophiles are heat stable; they won’t denature at high temperatures

86
Q

When researchers say they study the complete set or chromosomal DNA from any one or several
organisms or microorganisms, this focus of research can be covered under the general –omics title of

A

Genomics

87
Q

The Earth is constantly being bombarded by high energy molecules. These high energy molecules can
be produced by radioactive materials here on earth. As these high energy particles pass through
biological tissue, they have the chance to strike and break DNA, damage amino acids in proteins, and
disrupt molecular structures. This specific type of radiation is called what

A

Ionizing radiation

88
Q

This famous scientist is known as the “father of chemotherapy” and coined the term ‘magic bullet’?

A

Dr. Paul Ehrlich

89
Q

A fluorescent DNA probe (oligonucleotide) was designed to hybridize to a specific gene of
interest. One band in lane ‘D’ glowed, but not the bands in lanes ‘A’ and ‘C’. Why

A

The DNA fragments may be the same size, but they don’t have to have the same sequence

90
Q

Why does DNA migrate across the gel, away from the negative pole towards the positive pole, when an electrical current is applied to it?

A

DNA is negatively charged due to the phosphate backbone

91
Q

Typically, ‘vegetative’ cells are more vulnerable to antibiotics than endospore states, why is that

A

‘Vegetative’ is a growing state and endospores are a ‘sleep’ state

92
Q

If you start a PCR reaction with only five copies (each copy is double stranded) of the template (aka target) DNA, after 3 cycles are complete, how many TOTAL
copies (each copy is double stranded) of the DNA are produced after the PCR is complete

A

40

93
Q

Why would disabling the EPS system in a bacterial cell help prevent dental cavities

A

This would prevent cells sticking to teeth where they produce acid from metabolizing sugars

94
Q

How is it possible that disabling the EPS system can generate a cell that causes more cavities?

A

It is possible, because genetic engineering is not flawless and can result in off target results or
synergistic effects not originally anticipated.

95
Q

There has been an emergency and a plastic instrument will need to be sterilized before it is used on a
patient in a non-hospital setting. What is the most important consideration that needs to be addressed
when deciding on how to sterilize the object

A

Whatever is done to sterilize it, will the plastic instrument survive the process

96
Q

The microbial inhibiting ‘mold juice’ became known as penicillin and changed how we conduct
medicine. Once the chemical structure of penicillin was determined, it became evident that a recurring
key configuration of the molecule was necessary for it to be active to inhibit cell walls. What was it?

A

β-lactam ring

97
Q

if we know exactly what is in a agar plate, we would refer to it as ______ medium.

A

defined

98
Q

A pharmaceutical company is trying to characterize a new antibacterial drug to be sold to the public.
During their experimental testing it is discovered that the effect of the drug changes from antibacterial to
anti-cancer when combined with vitamin-C. What is this effect known as

A

Synergistic (1 + 1 = 3)

99
Q

. Medical treatment of fungal and helminth infections is very difficult to treat, and the medications used to
remove them can cause serious side effects to the host human. Why does this happen

A

Their cells are structurally and functionally similar to human cells.

100
Q

Besides removing the pathogenic bacteria, what else is happening in your body when a therapeutic concentration of antibiotic is in it

A

Antibiotics are indiscriminate, both beneficial and pathogenic bacteria are affected

101
Q

Pasteurization is a method to reduce pathogenic and spoilage causing microbes in food. What are the
physical conditions needed for it to work

A

Raise the temperature to 65oC for 30 minutes.

102
Q

Soaps, detergents, and alcohols have similar chemical mechanistic action against microbes, what is it

A

They disrupt the bi-lipid membrane layer

103
Q

Why can’t antimicrobial and antiviral medications be used interchangeably routinely

A

The metabolic and physiological targets of control for bacteria and viruses are different

104
Q

When a non-pathogenic microorganism encounters debris from a non-living pathogenic microorganism,
there is a chance that the non-pathogenic microbe will become pathogenic. What is this an example of

A

transformation

105
Q

What is the name given for mixed recombinant DNA

A

Chimeric

106
Q

The pathology of a pathogen include

A

Contact, colonization, infection, disease

107
Q

what are methods bacteria use to protect themselves from antibiotics

A

Destroy the antibiotic with an enzyme.
Prevent the antibiotic from entering the cell.
Alter the antibiotic’s target site.
Pump the antibiotic out of the cell quickly after its entry.

108
Q

The definition of a drug and a poison are almost indistinguishable except for one detail

A

A drug and poison elicit a physiological response, but the poison threatens the life the organism

109
Q

When you see this symbol on the wrapping of food, what does it mean (green circle thing with a plant like figure in the middle)

A

Ionizing radiation was used

110
Q

what is an example of a sterilization technique?

A

Autoclaving

111
Q

An opportunistic pathogen only arises when specific conditions are met where the
microorganism switched from being part of the normal flora to becoming a problem to the host (T/F)

A

true

112
Q

Sir Alexander Fleming discovered the antibiotic penicillin (T/F)

A

true

113
Q

A mutation is always bad, causing disease or making super virulent microorganisms. (T/F)

A

false

114
Q

The type of microbe must be considered when using chemicals to control it (T/F)

A

true

115
Q

The Ames test is used to determine how mutagenic a microorganism is (T/F)

A

false

116
Q

Outdoor sports stores sell filter bottles that remove microbes from questionable water so
that it is safe to drink. This is an example of mechanical microbial control (T/F)

A

true

117
Q

A pandemic describes when a disease only appears seasonally in a specific region (T/F)

A

false

118
Q

The number and nature of the microorganisms is always important to consider when
selecting germicidal or sterilization techniques (T/F)

A

true

119
Q

An antimicrobial drug that inhibits bacterial ribosomes will only affect some bacteria (T/F)

A

false

micr 201 (3 decks)

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