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micr 201 > exam 1 > Flashcards

exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Estimated age of the universe

A

13.7~ to 14 billion years

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2
Q

First appearance of heavier atoms

A

11-12 billion years

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3
Q

Age of our solar system

A

4~ billion years

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4
Q

Age of earth

A

4 billion years

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5
Q

Appearance of life of earth

A

3.7-4 billion years

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6
Q

Nucleosynthesis

A

the process of generating new atomic nuclei from pre existing nucleons, primarily protons and neutrons

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7
Q

Biologically important atoms

A

hydrogen, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, carbon, nitrogen, phosphate, sulfur, oxygen, chlorine

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8
Q

Atom

A

simplest form of matter not divisible into simpler substances

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9
Q

Molecule

A

chemical substance that results from the combination of two or more atoms

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10
Q

Compound

A

molecules that are combinations of two or more different elements

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11
Q

Covalent bonds

A

electrons are shared among other atoms, strong and stores energy

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12
Q

Ionic bonds

A

very strong but weak when dissolved in water

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13
Q

Hydrogen bonds

A

weak but is a major force for shape of biological structures, weak bonds between hydrogen and other atoms

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14
Q

Hydrophilic

A

love water, dissolve in water

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15
Q

Hydrophobic

A

water fearing, repel water

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16
Q

Amphipathic

A

molecules have both hydrophilic and hydrophobic qualities

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17
Q

pH

A

if there are more floating protons or H+ its acidic, less makes it basic

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18
Q

Why is carbon so important, how many bonds does it form, what life related molecules have it

A

Can form single, double, or triple covalent bonds, Can form linear, branched, or ringed molecules, all life has carbon

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19
Q

Lipids

A

long/complex chains of C and H, triglycerides, phospholipids, and steroids, fats or oils

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20
Q

Proteins

A

made up of amino acids, attached via peptide bonds

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21
Q

Nucleic acids

A

made of ribose sugars, nitrogenous bases, and phosphate groups, look like 5 sided structures with offshoots

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22
Q

Carbohydrates

A

sugars and polysaccharides, usually contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, looks like chains of sugar units

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23
Q

What was the Miller Urey reaction trying to figure out

A

idea that life, or more specifically organic molecules, could have formed by nothing more than simple chemical reactions

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24
Q

Who was Antonie van Leeuwenhoek

A

father of microbiology, was the first to observe microorganisms, was a dutch linen merchant

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25
Q

Hypothesis → theory → law/principle

A

If a hypothesis is supported by a growing body of evidence and survives rigorous scrutiny, it moves to the next level of confidence a theory. If evidence of a theory is so compelling that the next level of confidence is reached, it becomes a Law or principle

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26
Q

Spontaneous generationan

A

an early belief that some forms of life could arise from vital forces present in non living or decomposing matter

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27
Q

Theory of abiogenesis

A

the natural process of life arising from non living materials

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28
Q

Germ theory of disease

A

Many diseases are caused by the growth of microbes in the body and NOT by sins, bad character, or poverty, etc

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29
Q

Sterile

A

requires the elimination of all life forms including endospores and viruses

30
Q

Aseptic techniques

A

a method used to prevent contamination with microorganisms

31
Q

Edward Jenner

A

father of immunization, Tested methods of how humans could become immunized from small pox by using cowpox,

32
Q

Know Koch’s postulates

A
  1. Find evidence of microbes in every case of disease
  2. Isolate the microbe from infected subject
  3. Inoculate a healthy subject with isolated microbes
  4. Observe same resulting disease, re-isolate microbe
33
Q

What is resolution, smaller wavelength can help you see smaller objects

A

resolution is the ability to distinguish two adjacent objects. Shorter wavelength and larger numerical aperture will provide better resolution

34
Q

Sizes of objects/scale (micrometers)

A

strand of hair 100µm, pollen 10-90µm, red blood cell 10-20µm, bacteria/archaea/prokaryotes 0.5-6µm, viruses 0.03-1µm

35
Q

Optical vs electron microscope

A

electron forms an image with a beam of electrons, electron waves are times smaller than visible light, increased magnification and resolution power

36
Q

Why staining a sample is helpful

A

reveals shape, size, and arrangement, gram +/-

37
Q

Methodology of culturing microbes

A

Inoculation, incubation, Isolation, Inspection/information gathering, Identification

38
Q

The physical states of media

A

broth, liquid that contains a solidifying agent, firm surface for colony formation

39
Q

What is agar

A

A polysaccharide derived from seaweed/algae, Not digestible for most microbes

40
Q

Streak plates

A

allows growth of several types of microbes and displays visible differences among those microbes

41
Q

What is morphology

A

outer shape, internal structure

42
Q

Culturing medium defined vs undefined

A
  • undefined contains at least one ingredient that is not chemically definable.
  • Defined contains pure organic and inorganic compounds in an exact chemical formula
43
Q

Culturing medium selective vs differential

A
  • selective contains one or more agents that inhibit growth of some microbes and encourage growth of the desired microbes.
  • Differential allows growth of several types of microbes and displays visible differences among those microbes
44
Q

Cocci

A

little spheres

45
Q

Bacillus

A

rods

46
Q

Vibrio

A

kind of rod shaped but more bean shaped

47
Q

Spirillum

A

spiral shape but more rigid

48
Q

Pleomorphism

A

Variation in cell shape and size within a single species

49
Q

Flagella vs pili

A
  • flagella can rotate 360o, functions in motility of cell through environment, has potential for anchoring.
  • Pili is a Rigid tubular structure, Found only in gram-negative cells, and its function to join bacterial cells for partial DNA transfer called conjugation
50
Q

What is glycocalyx and its function

A

Coating of molecules external to the cell wall, made of sugars and/or proteins.
- Slime layer is loosely organized
- capsule is highly organized and tight
- Protect cells from dehydration and nutrient loss

51
Q

What is cell membrane composed of

A

phospholipid bilayer

52
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model

A

Phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins

53
Q

gram positive

A

thick and strong cell wall composed primarily of peptidoglycan and cell membrane

54
Q

gram negative

A

outer cell membrane, thin peptidoglycan layer, and cell membrane

55
Q

What technique did Hans Christian Joachim Gram develop and whats it for

A

gram staining, distinguish two different groups of bacteria through staining

56
Q

What is peptidoglycan and whats it made of

A

is the primary component of cell walls, Unique macromolecule composed of a repeating framework of long glycan chains cross-linked by short peptide fragments

57
Q

What is the tree of life

A

organization of all organism by features

58
Q

What’s the classification order

A

Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species (dead kings play chess on fine grains of sand)

59
Q

Organization of scientific names

A

genus then species. Genus capitalized

60
Q

3 domains of the tree of life

A

eukarya, bacteria, archaea

61
Q

How was the archaea group discovered, why are the special

A

called the ancients, they are like other prokaryotes but when analyzed they were different and had more similar “machinery” to us

62
Q

RNA world hypothesis

A

suggests that life on Earth began with a simple RNA molecule that could copy itself without help from other molecules, coined by dr. carl richard woese

63
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

64
Q

RNA

A

ribonucleic acid

65
Q

Parts of sequence hypothesis

A

or the central dogma, DNA → transcription → RNA → translation → amino acids (proteins)

66
Q

Ribosome

A

protein synthesis takes place

67
Q

Codon

A

nucleotide triplets

68
Q

Polypeptide

A

amino acids are attached with peptide bonds to form proteins

69
Q

mRNA

A

carries DNA message through complementary copy

70
Q

tRNA

A

made from DNA; secondary structure creates loops; bottom loop exposes a triplet of nucleotides called anticodon which designates specificity and complements mRNA; carries specific amino acids to ribosomes

71
Q

Bases pair up

A

adenine → thymine, guanine → cytosine

micr 201 (3 decks)

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