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Functional Anatomy > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Sagittal plane/medial-lateral axis

A

Flexion
Extension

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2
Q

Frontal plane/anterior-posterior axis

A

Abduction
Adduction

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3
Q

Transverse plan/vertical axis

A

Internal rotation
External rotation

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4
Q

Open Kinematic Chain

A

Distal on proximal

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5
Q

Closed Kinematic Chain

A

Proximal on distal

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6
Q

1st Class Lever

A

Fulcrum btwn resistance force & effort force
MA → >1, <1, =1

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7
Q

2nd Class Lever

A

Fulcrum located @ 1 end
MA > 1
Designed for power

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8
Q

3rd Class Lever

A

Fulcrum located @ 1 end
MA < 1
Designed for ROM & speed

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9
Q

Coupling Patterns

A

Cervical
- lateral flexion & ipsilateral rotation
- rotation & ipsilateral lateral flexion
Thoracic
- none
Upper lumbar
- lateral flexion & contralateral rotation
Lower lumbar
- lateral flexion & ipsilateral rotation

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10
Q

Uncinate Processes form […] w/inferolateral part of […] to increase […]

A

Uncovertebral Joints
Superior vertebral body
Stability

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11
Q

Z joints made by articulating […] & […]

A

Inferior articular process
Superior articular process

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12
Q

Cervical IV Disc

A
  • AF is thick anteriorly & tapers posteriorly
  • Less NF bc its not bearing as much weight
  • Manage compressive forces
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13
Q

Cervical Z Joint

A

Horizontally oriented → can manage more loads
Vertically oriented → cant manage compression well
More load w/ extension

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14
Q

Tectorial Membrane

A

Superior extension of PLL
Limits flexion
Helps maintain SC space

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15
Q

Cruciform Ligaments

A

Hugs odontoid to atlas
Thickest ligament in spine
Limits flexion

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16
Q

O-A Flexion

A

Posterior glide of occiput on atlas
Anterior glide of atlas on occiput

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17
Q

O-A Extension

A

Anterior glide of occiput on atlas
Posterior glide of atlas on occiput

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18
Q

A-A Joint

A

Most mobile segment of spine
Rotation >30° impacts contralateral vertebral artery
Rotation > 45° impacts ipsilateral vertebral artery

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19
Q

Cervical Spine Stability

A
  • Most load bearing through discs & body anteriorly
  • Most stability from muscles
  • Ligaments stabilize @ end range
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20
Q

Lower Cervical Flexion

A

Anterior & superior movement of superior facet
Limited by Z joint capsule
Larger IV foramen, smaller canal

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21
Q

Lower Cervical Extension

A

Posterior & inferior glide of superior facet
Limited by ALL
Smaller IV foramen, very small canal

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22
Q

Lower Cervical Lateral Flexion

A

Compress ipsilaterally
Elongate contralaterally
Limited by contralateral ligaments & muscles

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23
Q

Lower Cervical Protrusion

A

Lower cervical flexion
Upper cervical extension

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24
Q

Lower Cervical Retraction

A

Lower cervical extension
Upper cervical flexion

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25
Q

Lateral Flexion to R in C spine

A

Extension on R
Flexion on L

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26
Q

Rotation to L in C spine

A

Extension on L
Flexion on R

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27
Q

Costoclavicular Ligament

A

Inferior part of clavicle to 1st rib
Taut w/shoulder elevation & protraction

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28
Q

Anterior & Posterior Sternoclavicular Ligament

A

From sternal end of clavicle to A/P surfaces of manubrium
Limit anterior & posterior movement of clavicle

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29
Q

Interclavicular Ligament

A

Runs from superior aspect of medial clavicles
Help stabilize superior part of joint

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30
Q

Sternoclavicular Joint Movements

A

Elevation/depression
Protraction/retraction
Long axis rotation of clavicle

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31
Q

Acromioclavicular Joint

A
  • Clavicle is convex, acromion is concave
  • Joint line curved so acromion can glide anterior/posterior
  • Fibrocartilaginous disc
  • Stability → coracoclavicular ligament
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32
Q

Acromioclavicular Joint Movements

A
  • Gliding as shoulder flexes & extends
  • Elevation/depression to conform w/scapula & humerus abduction
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33
Q

Coracoclavicular Ligament

A
  • Conoid portion → limits upward movement of clavicle on acromion
  • Trapezoid portion → prevent clavicle from overriding acromion
  • Primary restraint of scapula moving inferior on thorax away from clavicle
  • Critical to vertical stability of scapula
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34
Q

Scapulothoracic Joint

A
  • Scapula rotated anteriorly → IR position
  • Scapula titled anteriorly & upwardly rotated
  • Fxn → ↑ shoulder motion & allow lever for small muscles
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35
Q

W/O scapular motion shoulder elevation limited to […]

A

120°

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36
Q

Upward Rotation of Scapula

A

Upper & lower trap
Serratus anterior

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37
Q

Downward Rotation of Scapula

A

Rhomboid major & minor
Lats
Levator scapulae

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38
Q

Scapular Retraction

A

Middle trap
Rhomboid major & minor
Lats

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39
Q

Scapular Protraction

A

Serratus anterior > pec minor

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40
Q

Glenoid Labrum

A
  • Fibrocartilaginous
  • Thicker anteriorly
  • Deforms to accomodate HH position changes
  • Protects GF, assists in lubrication, deepens concavity
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41
Q

GH Joint Capsule

A

From margin of GF to neck of humerus
Loose to allow joint surfaces to separate
Small contribution to stability

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42
Q

Superior GH Ligament

A

Prevent inferior displacement of HH
W/superior capsule resists gravity

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43
Q

Middle GH Ligament

A

Stabilizes joint anteriorly
Limits ER

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44
Q

Inferior GH Complex

A
  • Anterior band → moves superior to HH w/elevation
  • Axillary pouch → allows movement of HH in upper ranges of elevation
  • Posterior band → moves superior to HH w/elevation
  • Tightens w/elevation to encourage ER
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45
Q

Weak areas in GH Joint

A
  • Inferior capsule
  • Anterior-inferior aspect least resistant to tension
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46
Q

Coracohumeral Ligament

A
  • Attaches to greater & lesser tuberosity
  • Stabilizing w/UE in dependent postion
  • Protects from superior trauma & upward dislocation
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47
Q

Rotator Cuff

A

Compress HH into GF
Small depression of HH during active elevation

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48
Q

Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex

A
  • Space btwn distal ulna & ulnar side of carpal bones
  • important during pronation/supination
  • injured during pronation, supination, extension
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49
Q

Muscles attaching distally on ulna

A

Flex/extend elbow

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50
Q

Muscles attaching distally on radius

A

Flex/extend elbow
Pronation/supination

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51
Q

Elbow Flexors

A

Biceps
Brachioradialis
Pronator teres
FCR
FCU

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52
Q

Elbow Extensors

A

Anconeus
Triceps

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53
Q

Elbow Pronators

A

Pronator teres
Pronator quadratus

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54
Q

Elbow Supinators

A

Biceps brachii
Supinator

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55
Q

Radiocarpal Joint

A

radius articulates w/scaphoid & lunate

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56
Q

Carpals & Metacarpal Articulations

A

1st → trapezium
2nd → trapezoid
3rd & 4th → capitate
4th & 5th → hamate

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57
Q

Arches of Hand

A

Distal Transverse
Proximal Transverse
Allows hand to conform to objects
Intrinsic muscles & ligaments create arches

58
Q

Supination

A

Concave on convex
Posterior radioulnar ligament (slack)
Anterior radioulnar ligament (taut)

59
Q

Pronation

A

Concave on convex
Posterior radioulnar ligament (taut)
Anterior radioulnar ligament (slack)

60
Q

TFCC Complex Fxn

A

Shock absorption
Stabilizes distal radioulnar joint

61
Q

Carpal Tunnel

A

Median nerve compression
Phalens & tinels tests

62
Q

Ulnar Tunnel Syndrome

A

Caused by crutches or bike riding

63
Q

Radial Collateral Ligament

A

Checks ulnar deviation

64
Q

Ulnar Collateral Ligament

A

Checks radial deviation

65
Q

Dorsal Radiocarpal Ligament

A

Checks flexion

66
Q

Ventral radiocarpal/ulnocarpal Ligaments

A

Checks extension

67
Q

Intercarpal Ligaments

A

Stability during motion

68
Q

Colles Fracture

A

Most common fracture
Dorsal displacement of radius

69
Q

Scaphoid Fracture

A

Most common carpal fracture
Poor vascularity & healing

70
Q

Finger Ligaments

A

Collateral → lateral stability & taut w/flexion
Volar plate → taut w/extension
Collaterals of DIP/PIP → taut/extension

71
Q

Wrist Flexors

A

FCU
FCR
Palmaris Longus

72
Q

Finger Flexors

A

FDS
FDP

73
Q

Wrist Extensors

A

ECRL
ECRB
ED
ECU

74
Q

Finger Extensors

A

ED
EDM
EI

75
Q

Active Insufficiency

A

Active shortening of muscle @ 1 joint limits ability to produce movement @ another

76
Q

Passive Insufficiency

A

Passive lengthening of muscle results in passive resistance that limits movement

77
Q

Swan Neck Deformity

A

Hyperextension of PIP
Flexion of DIP
Volar plate disruption

78
Q

Boutonneires Deformity

A

Hyperextension of DIP
Flexion of PIP
Central tendon rupture

79
Q

Extrinsic Thumb Flexor

A

FPL

80
Q

Intrinsic Muscle of Fingers

A

Lumbricals
DABs
PADs

81
Q

Spherical Power Grasp

A

FDS
FDP
FPL
OP
Interossei

82
Q

Hook Power Grasp

A

FDS
FDP

83
Q

Cylindrical Power Grasp

A

FDS
FDP
FPL
FPB
AddP

84
Q

Pulp to Pulp Precision Grasp

A

FPB
OP
FDS

85
Q

Pad to Side Precision Grasp

A

FPB
FPL
AddP
FDS

86
Q

Tip to Tip Precision Grasp

A

FPL
FDP

87
Q

Thoracic Z joint Orientation

A

Coronal plane

88
Q

Pump Handle

A

Ribs 1-7
↑ A-P diameter w/inhalation

89
Q

Bucket Handle

A

Ribs 8-10
↑ mediolateral diameter w/inspiration

90
Q

External Intercostals

A

Relaxed in expiration
Contracted in inspiration

91
Q

Internal Intercostals

A

Relaxed in inspiration
Contracted in expiration

92
Q

R side Scoliosis

A

R convexity
L lateral flexion
R rotation
R rib hump
L concavity

93
Q

Sacralization

A

L5 on sacrum → 4 vertebrae

94
Q

Lumbarization

A

S1 unfused → 6 vertebra

95
Q

Lumbar IV Disc during flexion

A

Compress AF anteriorly
Tense AF posteriorly
Force on NP is posterior

96
Q

Lumbar Flexors

A

Rectus abdominis
Internal/External Oblique

97
Q

Lumbar Extensors

A

Erector Spinae

98
Q

Lumbar Lateral Flexors

A

Quadratus lumborum
Psoas

99
Q

Spondylolysis

A

Bone stress @ pars interarticularis

100
Q

Spondylolisthesis

A

Fracture @ pars interarticularis

101
Q

Nutation Limitations

A

Interosseous & sacrotuberous ligaments

102
Q

Coxa Vara

A

Femur angled towards midline

103
Q

Coxa Valga

A

Femur angled laterally

104
Q

Excessive Anteversion

A

Hip IR
Toe in
35+

105
Q

Retroversion

A

Hip ER
Toe out
5>

106
Q

Iliofemoral Ligament

A

Taut w/extension
Femoral head rests on it w/full hip extension

107
Q

Pubofemoral Ligament

A

Taut w/hip abduction & extension

108
Q

Ischiofemoral Ligament

A

Superficial taut w/IR & extension
Superior taut w/adduction
Inferior taut w/flexion

109
Q

Hip Capsular Pattern

A

IR > Extension > Adduction

110
Q

Genu Valgus

A

Knock knees
Lateral compression
Medial tension

111
Q

Genu Varus

A

Bow legged
Medial compression
Lateral tension

112
Q

Oblique Popliteal Ligament

A

Resist extension & valgus

113
Q

Arcuate Popliteal Ligament

A

Resist extension & varus

114
Q

Meniscofemoral Ligament

A

Resist tibial ER & femoral IR

115
Q

Weight Acceptance

A

Initial contact & loading response
Tibialis anterior, quadriceps, glut max

116
Q

Single limb Support

A

Midstance → glut max, med, triceps surae
Terminal Stance → gastrocnemius
Pre Swing

117
Q

Limb Advancement

A

Pre Swing
Initial Swing → iliopsoas, rectus femoris
Mid Swing
Terminal Swing → tibialis anterior & eccentric hamstrings

118
Q

Static Stability

A

Ligaments

119
Q

Dynamic Stability

A

Muscles

120
Q

3 regions of foot

A

Rearfoot
Midfoot
Forefoot

121
Q

Talocrural Joint

A

Convex talus
Concave tibia & fibula

122
Q

Foot Pronation

A

Eversion
Abduction
Dorsiflexion

123
Q

Foot Supination

A

Inversion
Adduction
Plantarflexion

124
Q

Dorsiflexion

A

Abduction & eversion

125
Q

Plantarflexion

A

Adduction & inversion

126
Q

Talocrural Joint Ligaments

A

ATFL
Posterior talofibular Ligament
Interosseous membrane
Tibionavicular ligament
Posterior tibiotalar ligament
Anterior tibiotalar ligament
Tibiocalcaneal ligament

127
Q

Deltoid Ligament Complex

A

Tibionavicular ligament
Posterior tibiotalar ligament
Anterior tibiotalar ligament
Tibiocalcaneal ligament

128
Q

Talocrural Joint Muscles

A

Anterior
- Tibialis anterior
- EDL
- EHL
- Fibularis tertius
Lateral
- Fibularis longus
- Fibularis brevis
Posterior
- soleus
- gastrocnemius
- plantaris
- tibialis posterior
- FDL
- FHL

129
Q

Medial Longitudinal Arch

A

Ligaments
- Spring ligament (plantar calcaneonavicular)
- Long plantar ligament
- Plantar aponeurosis
Muscles
- FHL
- FHB
- FDL
- FDB
- anterior/posterior tibialis
- fibularis longus
- abductor hallucis

130
Q

Lateral Longitudinal Arch

A

Ligaments
- Long plantar ligament
- Plantar aponeurosis
- Short plantar ligament
Muscles
- fibularis longus & brevis
- FDL & FDB
- abductor/flexor DM
- Quadratus plantae

131
Q

Proximal Transverse Arch

A

Supports tibialis posterior & fibularis longus

132
Q

Distal Transverse Arch

A

Support transverse head of adductor hallucis

133
Q

Subtalar Joint

A

Concave
Shock absorption
Inferior talus & superior calcaneus
Ligaments
- interosseous talocalcaneal ligament
- deltoid ligament
- cervical ligament
- calcaneofibular ligament

134
Q

Transverse Tarsal Joint

A

Allows flat foot during gait
Oblique axis → dorsiflexion/abduction & plantar flexion/adduction
Longitudinal axis → eversion & inversion

135
Q

Static Stance

A

Triangle pattern
Weight evenly distributed

136
Q

Dynamic Stance

A

Weight bearing area changes w/gait

137
Q

Pes planus

A

Foot in excessive pronation @ subtalar joint
Flat foot

138
Q

Pes cavus

A

Subtalar joint fixed in supination
High arches

139
Q

Hallux valus

A

Medial deviation of 1st MT causes lateral displacement of toes

140
Q

Claw Toe

A

Proximal & distal IPs hyperflexed
MTP sublexed dorsally

141
Q

Hammer Toes

A

Proximal IP flexed
MIP extended

Functional Anatomy (3 decks)

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