FINAL EXAM

Question 1

Survivorship Curves: Type I

Answer 1

low death rates during early and middle life and an increase in death rates among older age groups.

Question 2

Survivorship Curves: Type II

Answer 2

a constant death rate over the organism’s life span

Question 3

Survivorship Curves: Type III

Answer 3

high death rates for the young and a lower death rate for survivors

Question 4

Exponential Growth

Answer 4

Idealized situation with no external limits on growth. Population’s growth rate (per capita increase) equals birth rate minus death rate.

Question 5

Zero population growth

Answer 5

When the birth rate and death rate are equally the same.

Question 6

Idealized population

Answer 6

has a intrinsic rate of increase with maximum rate of production. ( J-shaped curve)

Question 7

Logistic growth

Answer 7

When a populations per capita growth rate decreases as population size approaches a maximum due to limited resources

Question 8

Allele affect

Answer 8

When individuals have a harder time surviving or reproducing if the population size is too small

Question 9

K-selection

Answer 9

selection for traits that are advantageous at high densities. It promotes the history life history traits that maximize reproduction.

Question 10

r-selection

Answer 10

selection for traits that maximize reproductive success in uncrowded environments.

Question 11

Predation

Answer 11

As a prey, population builds up, predators may feed preferentially on that species.

Question 12

Phylogeny

Answer 12

Is the evolutionary history of a species or a group of related species

Question 13

Taxonomy

Answer 13

Is the ordered division and naming of organisms

Question 14

Cladistics

Answer 14

Organizes groups of organisms by common decent.

Question 15

Clade

Answer 15

a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants.

Question 16

Plesiomorphies

Answer 16

shared ancestral characters in an ancestor of the taxon

Question 17

Apomorphies

Answer 17

shared derived characters is an evolutionary novelty unique to a particular group of related organisms

Question 18

Subspecies

Answer 18

a taxonomic category that ranks below species, usually a fairly permanent geographically isolated race.

Question 19

Phylogenetic tree

Answer 19

A branching diagram that represents a hypothesis about the evolutionary history of a group of organisms

Question 20

Parsimony

Answer 20

the principle that, out of all possible explanations for a phenomenon, the simplest of the set is most likely to be correct

Question 21

Sequence homology

Answer 21

the situation where nucleic acid or protein sequences are similar because they have a common evolutionary origin.

Question 22

Monophyletic

Answer 22

Pertaining to a group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and all of its descendants. A monophyletic taxon is equivalent to a clade.

Question 23

What is a taxon?

Answer 23

a named taxonomic unit at any given level of classification.

Question 24

Polyphyletic

Answer 24

Pertaining to a group of taxa that includes distantly related organisms but does not include their most recent common ancestor

Question 25

Apomorphy

Answer 25

A derived trait or characteristic that identifies a species or a taxonomic group (taxon) from the ancestral trait. apo= “away from”+ morph= “shape”

Question 26

Paralogous Genes (aka: paralogs)

Answer 26

Homologous genes that are found in the same genome as a result of gene duplication.

Question 27

Orthologous genes (aka: orthologs)

Answer 27

Homologous genes that are found in different species because of speciation.

Question 28

Homoplasy

Answer 28

A similar structure or molecular sequence that has evolved independently in two species.

Question 29

Analogous

Answer 29

Having characteristics that are similar because of convergent evolution, not homology.

Question 30

Covergent evolution

Answer 30

The evolution of similar features in independent evolutionary linages.

Question 31

Interspecific competition

Answer 31

(-/-) interaction: occurs when species compete for resources in short supply

Question 32

Intraspecific competition

Answer 32

a competition between individuals from the same species (cospecifics)

Question 33

Competitive Exclusion

Answer 33

Two species competing for ALL the same limiting resource in short supply

Question 34

Batesian Mimicry

Answer 34

One patable or harmless species mimics an unpalatable or species for survival.

Question 35

Mullerian Mimicry

Answer 35

2+ unpatable or harmful species resemble each other.

Question 36

Symbiosis

Answer 36

A relationship where two or more species live in direct and intimate contact with one another.

Question 37

Parasitism

Answer 37

(+/-) one organism derives direct nourishment from another with the host harmed

Question 38

Disease

Answer 38

(+/-) one organism (pathogen) exert harm on another organism by fulfilling part or all of their life cycle. Bother have similar effects on populations and communities.

Question 39

Mutualism

Answer 39

(+/+) is an interspecific interaction benefiting both species.

Question 40

Obligate

Answer 40

Where one species cannot survive without the other

Question 41

Facultative

Answer 41

Where both species can survive alone.

Question 42

Commensalism

Answer 42

(+/0) where one species benefits and other is neither harmed nor helped. Commensal interactions are hard to document in nature because any close association likely affects both species.

Question 43

Facilitation

Answer 43

(+/+ or +/0) species have positive effects on other species without direct contact

Question 44

Paraphyletic

Answer 44

Pertaining to a group of taxa that consists of a common ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants.