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Ecology and Evolution Exam 2 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Ecology

A

The scientific study of how organisms interact with each other and the environment

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2
Q

Communities

A

All the plants and animals in an area

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3
Q

Ecosystem

A

Includes living organisms and the environment around them

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4
Q

Direct fitness

A

Ability to survive and reproduce

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5
Q

Indirect fitness

A

Producing relatives

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6
Q

Properties of water

A

Solid below 0C
Liquid between 0-100C
Vapor over 100C
High specific heat
Resists change
Highest density at 4C

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7
Q

Osmosis

A

Water will move from areas of low concentration to high concentration of solute

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8
Q

Water potential

A

Water flows from high to low water potential
Potential energy of water

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9
Q

Plants and water trade-offs

A

Closing stomates to increase H2O retention and reduce intake of CO2
Opening stomates to increase CO2 but lose water

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10
Q

Conduction

A

Heat is transferred through touching an object
touch a hot thing, you get hotter

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11
Q

Convection

A

Heat is transferred through circulation of air or water

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12
Q

Evapotranspiration

A

Water loss through evaporation and transpiration

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13
Q

Ectothermy

A

Rely on energy exchange with external environment to regulate body temp
Reptiles

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14
Q

Endothermic

A

Rely on internal heat generation to regulate body temp
Humans

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15
Q

Climate

A

Long-term trends in temp, wind, and precipitation based on averages and variations measured over decades

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16
Q

Weather

A

Current temp, wind, precipitation…

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17
Q

Drivers of climate variation

A

Solar radiation
Earth’s surface
Chemical composition of the atmosphere
Atmospheric and oceanic circulation

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18
Q

Albedo

A

The capacity of land surface to reflect solar radiation
Low- high surface warming, keeps energy
High- low surface warming, energy is reflected

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19
Q

Greenhouse gas

A

Atmospheric gas that absorbs longwave radiation
Water vapor, CO2, methane, nitrous oxide

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20
Q

Life history strategy

A

How an organism obtains evolutionary fitness throughout it’s lifetime

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21
Q

What are life history decisions driven by?

A

Resource availability and external cues

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22
Q

R-selected species ideas

A

Live fast, die young
Rapid reproduction and high growth rate
Exponential growth

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23
Q

K-selected species ideas

A

Flow and steady
Slower reproduction rates when the population approaches carrying capacity

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24
Q

Semelparous

A

Reproduce once and then die
Salmon, pineapple

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25
Q

Iteroparous

A

Reproduce many times
Bunnies

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26
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Vegetative reproduction and parthenogenesis

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27
Q

Vegetative reproduction

A

Offspring produced from non-sexual tissues of parent

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28
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

Offspring produced without fertilization

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29
Q

Asexual versus sexual reproduction

A

Asexual is quicker and a direct copy of your genome and change can be difficult
Sexual you lose half your genetic info each time and it takes longer but changes can happen easier

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30
Q

Hermaphrodites

A

Possess both male and female functions

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31
Q

Social monogamy

A

Biparental care
Occurs when it is difficult to monopolize multiple females

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32
Q

Polygyny

A

Associated with female sociality
Male control of resources coupled with habitat heterogeneity

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33
Q

Polyandry

A

No choice for males, very few females

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34
Q

Intrasexual selection

A

Mate competition within gender
Intense fighting
Competition and dominance

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35
Q

Intersexual selection

A

Choosier sex picks their mate
Choose mates with preferred characteristics

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36
Q

Handicap principle

A

Females prefer a trait that reduces male survival

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37
Q

Benefits of group living

A

Protection against predators
Group foraging/hunting
Care of offspring
Thermoregulation

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38
Q

Costs of group living

A

May attract predators
Spread of disease/parasites
Competition
Conspecific aggression

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39
Q

Cooperation

A

Positive for donor and recipient

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40
Q

Selfishness

A

Positive for donor
Negative for recipient

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41
Q

Altruism

A

Negative for donor
Positive for recipient
Behavior that increases the recipient’s direct fitness, while lowering the direct fitness of the donor

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42
Q

Spitefulness

A

Negative for donor and recipient

43
Q

Kin selection

A

Animals help relatives reproduce, and so pass on shared alleles

44
Q

A relative will help if…

A

Benefit times relatedness will outweigh the cost

45
Q

Characteristics of eusocial species

A

Adults live in a group
Overlapping generations
Cooperative brood care
Reproductive dominance by one or a few individuals, with sterile individuals

46
Q

Coefficient of relatedness values for
Parent-child
Full sibs
Half sibs
Grandparent-grandchild

A

0.5
0.5
0.25
0.25

47
Q

Population

A

Same species that occupy the same area and interact with each other

48
Q

Exponential growth assumptions

A

Unlimited resources
All individuals are equivalent
No I or E
B and D are constant

49
Q

Geometric growth assumptions

A

Unlimited resources
All individuals are equivalent
No I or E
1 birthing event with constant deaths

50
Q

Doubling time

A

Time required for a population to double in size

51
Q

Density-dependent factors

A

Cause birth and death rates to change as population density changes

52
Q

Logistic model assumptions

A

Unlimited resources
All individuals are equivalent
No I or E
Constant B and D
K is constant

53
Q

Carrying capacity (K)

A

Max population that can be supported and is dependent on species and environmental variables

54
Q

Age structure

A

Proportion of individuals in a population in different age classes

55
Q

Incorporating age structures relaxes the assumptions

A

That all individuals are the same
The birth and death rates are constant

56
Q

Types of survival curves

A

1- survival to old age
2- constant dying
3- most dye young

57
Q

Survivorship

A

Proportion surviving from birth to age x

58
Q

Fecundity

A

Average number of offspring produced by a female of age x

59
Q

Metapopulations

A

A population of populations of the same species

60
Q

Assumptions of Levins model

A

Infinite number of patches that are exactly the same
Equal chance of patch recolonization
Equal chance of patch extinction
Colonization patches go to K more quickly than extinction and colonization rates

61
Q

Levins model is at equilibrium when

A

The extinction and colonization rate are equivalent

62
Q

How do you increase the metapopulation dynamics to work for a population?

A

Increase patch size
Increase patch connectivity
Look at what size and shape that population needs

63
Q

Habitat fragmentation

A

Divides a previously continuous habitat

64
Q

Mutualism

A

Positive for both species

65
Q

Parasitism
Predation herbivory

A

Positive for one species and negative for the other

66
Q

Competition

A

Negative for both species

67
Q

Commensalism

A

Neutral for one species and positive for the other

68
Q

Amensulism

A

Neutral for one species and negative for the other

69
Q

Why is there competition?

A

Limiting resources (nutrients, light, water, space)

70
Q

Intraspecific competition

A

Competition between individuals of the same species

71
Q

Interspecific competition

A

Competition between individuals of different species

72
Q

Exploitation competition

A

Two species consuming the same limiting resource
The species that requires less of the resource will survivie

73
Q

Interference competition

A

Two species interact antagonistically for access to a resource

74
Q

Allelopathy

A

Interference competition in plants that occurs when a plant releases chemicals that are toxic to competitors

75
Q

Co-Existence can’t happen when

A

Two species use the same resource in the same way

76
Q

Species can co-exist when

A

Species have two different niches

77
Q

Niche

A

Unique combination of conditions under which a species can survive

78
Q

Competitive exclusion principle

A

If two species use resources in exactly the same way, one will eventually drive the other to extinction

79
Q

Resource partitioning

A

Co-existing species use the same resources in different ways

80
Q

Predation

A

One organism kills and eats another individual

81
Q

Herbivory

A

One organism eats living tissue of plants/algae

82
Q

Parasitism

A

One organism lives on or in another individual, feeding on parts of the host

83
Q

Assumptions of prey model

A

Predators control prey abundance (without predators, prey would grow without limits)
No density dependence
Intrinsic growth rate and capture efficiency are constant

84
Q

Assumptions of predator model

A

Predator population is controlled by prey abundance
No density dependence
Efficiency of prey to predators, capture efficiency, and mortality rate of predators are constant

85
Q

Stability of LV model occurs when

A

p=1
N=1

86
Q

Aposematism

A

Conspicuous appearance of prey that indicates to a predator that it is dangerous or unpleasant

87
Q

Müllerian mimicry

A

Two unpalatable species have similar appearances

88
Q

Batesian mimicry

A

A palatable species mimics an unpalatable species

89
Q

How do plants reduce herbivory?

A

Avoidance
Tolerance
Defense

90
Q

Avoidance

A

Swamping seed predators by synching up reproduction of seeds (like acorns)

91
Q

Tolerance

A

Compensation by removal of plant tissue stimulates growth

92
Q

Defense

A

Structural or chemical defenses like cacti or toxins

93
Q

Constitutive timing of plant secondary compounds

A

Compound is always produced

94
Q

Induced timing of plant secondary compounds

A

Compound only produced in response to herbivory

95
Q

Parasite

A

Lives on/in other organisms that consume resources from host

96
Q

Pathogens

A

Parasites that cause disease

97
Q

Ectoparasites

A

Lives on a host
High exposure to natural enemies and external enviornment

98
Q

Endoparasites

A

Lives inside of a host
High exposure to host’s immune system, easy to feed, and difficult to move between hosts

99
Q

Vertical parasite transmission

A

Between offspring and parent

100
Q

Horizontal parasite transmission

A

Between other individuals

101
Q

Vectors

A

Intermediates that pathogens have to go through to get to a host

102
Q

How do you reduce disease spread?

A

Reduce transmission rate (sanitation, exposing fewer people)
Increase rate of infected to not susceptible (vaccination, increasing rate of recovery)

103
Q

Coevolution

A

Evolution of two interacting species, which respond to selection imposed by the other species

Ecology and Evolution Exam 2 (2 decks)

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