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Ecology and Evolution Exam 2 > Exam 2 > Flashcards

Exam 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Life History Strategy

A

how an organism obtains evolutionary fitness through its lifetime

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2
Q

Life history decisions are driven by

A

resource availability
external cues (seasons, temperature, precipitation)

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3
Q

r-selected characteristics

A

“live fast, die young”
rapid reproduction and high growth rates (exponential growth)
short life-span, quick to develop, low parental investment

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4
Q

k-selected characteristics

A

“slow and steady”
slower reproduction and gets slower as population approaches carrying capacity
long life span, slow development, late maturation, high parental investment

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5
Q

Life history trade-offs

A

foraging vs. vigilance
size vs. number of offspring

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6
Q

Semelparous species

A

reproduce once and die
salmon and pineapple

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7
Q

Iteroparous species

A

reproduce many times
bunnies

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8
Q

How is evolutionary success determined?

A

reproductive success

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9
Q

Vegetative reproduction

A

asexual reproduction
offspring produced from non-sexual tissues of parent
cloning and binary fission

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10
Q

Parthenogenesis

A

asexual reproduction
offspring produced without fertilization

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11
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

requires 2 types of gametes
results in genetic recombination

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12
Q

Characteristics of asexual reproduction

A

quick
direct copy of your genome
slow reaction time to changing environment (pathogens could wipe them out quickly)

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13
Q

Characteristics of sexual reproduction

A

genetic recombination
changing conditions have less of an effect
lost 1/2 genetic information each time
takes longer than asexual reproduction

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14
Q

Hermaphrodites

A

possess both male and female parts

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15
Q

Sequential hermaphrodites

A

change once (nemo)

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16
Q

Simultaneous hermaphrodites

A

can change back and forth multiple times

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17
Q

Characteristics of social monogamy

A

biparental care
occurs when care by both parents is important to survival
occurs when it is difficult to monopolize multiple females
birds, beach mouse

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18
Q

Characteristics of polygyny

A

female sociality
male control of resources coupled with defending one’s own habitat
occurs when females are clumped
pipefish

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19
Q

Characteristics of polyandry

A

very rare
male-biased sex ratio (no choice for males)
rich in resources

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20
Q

Characteristics of promiscuity and polygynandry

A

multiple mating by males and females
presence/absence of social ties
plural breeding

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21
Q

Intrasexual selection

A

mate competition (MvM or FvF)
intense fighting/ competition

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22
Q

Intersexual selection

A

choosier sex picks mate
mates are picked based on preferred characteristics

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23
Q

Characteristics of anisogamy

A

females produce small amounts of large eggs
males produce large amount of small sperm

24
Q

Why choose your mate?

A

material benefits like fertility and survival
genetic benefits to give more offspring

25
Q

Handicap principle

A

females prefer a trait that reduces male survival
“honest signal” of fitness

26
Q

Sex role reversal

A

if males invest more per offspring that females
access to males is limiting resource
choosy males

27
Q

Benefits to group living

A

protection
group hunting
care of offspring
thermoregulation

28
Q

Costs to group living

A

attracts predators
spread of disease
competition
conspecific aggression

29
Q

Cooperation

A

joint activity among animals to achieve a shared goal

30
Q

Altruism

A

behavior that increases direct fitness of recipient but lowers direct fitness of donor

31
Q

Kin selection

A

animals help relatives reproduce, and so pass on shared alleles

32
Q

A relative will help when…

A

the benefits x relatedness outweighs the cost
Br>c (Hamilton’s rule)

33
Q

Characteristics of eusocial species

A

adults live in a group
overlapping generations
cooperative brood care
reproductive dominance by one or a few individuals
haploiddiploid
honeybees (queen, worker, drone)

34
Q

Conflict and cooperation in eusocial species

A

workers cooperate more with relatives
workers behave less favorability toward less related animals

35
Q

To increase a population, there needs to be…

A

more reproduction or movement into the group than deaths or movement out of the group

36
Q

Geometric growth assumptions

A

deaths are constant
1 birthing event
unlimited resources
equal individuals
no immigration or emmigration

37
Q

Lamda is…

A

geometric population growth rate

38
Q

Exponential growth assumptions

A

unlimited resources
all individuals are equal
no movement in or out of a population
births and deaths are constant

39
Q

r is…

A

intrinsic growth rate (for exponential)

40
Q

Lamda values for:
decrease pop
steady pop
increase pop

A

lamda<1
lamda=1
lamda>1

41
Q

r values for:
decrease pop
steady pop
increase pop

A

r<0
r=0
r>0

42
Q

Density-dependent factors

A

cause birth/death rate ect. to change as population density changed

43
Q

Density-independent factors

A

no relationship with density
natural disasters

44
Q

Logistic model assumptions

A

k is constant
unlimited resources
all individuals are equal
no movement in or out of a population
births and deaths are constant

45
Q

Age structure

A

the proportion of individuals in a population in different age classes

46
Q

Incorporating age structure relaxes the assumptions that…

A

all individuals are the same
birth and death rates are constant

47
Q

What do the age structures for the following look like?
Stable
Growing
Shrinking

A

constant all the way up with a lil hat on top
think like a pyramid
larger in the middle with a small bottom layer

48
Q

Type 1 survival curve

A

survival to old age like bears and humans
half of an upsidedown parabola

49
Q

Type 2 survival curve

A

constant dying like squirrels
negative liner line

50
Q

Type 3 survival curve

A

most die young like dandelions
negative exponential graph

51
Q

Survivorship

A

proportion surviving from birth to age x
can vary within and between populations
can be affected by habitat and social factors

52
Q

Fecundity

A

average number of offspring produced by a female of age x

53
Q

Does age structure change from year to year?

A

No, it does not
proportion in each age class remains the same

54
Q

Population fluctuations

A

unpredictable changes through time

55
Q

Population cycles

A

nearly constant intervals
alternate high and low abundance

Ecology and Evolution Exam 2 (2 decks)

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