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PSY 215 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is intuition based on?

A

Personal feelings (subjective), knowledge, BUT emerges without reason so it may be difficult to state why you feel the way you do

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2
Q

What is the difference between superstition and intuition?

A

Intuition may come without the use of reason but it can’t be contrary to reason, superstition is contrary to existing laws of nature and physics, intuition CAN be true, few life decisions should be made on superstition but intuition can be useful

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3
Q

What does intuition suffer from?

A

Confirmation bias, which is the remembrance of times your intuition was right while forgetting times it was wrong

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4
Q

When can intuition be useful?

A

Picking from a group of good choices, fast decisions

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5
Q

What is superstition?

A

Belief that violates known laws of nature, false association of causation

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6
Q

When is superstition a problem?

A

When people base their whole lives on it

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7
Q

What are examples of superstition?

A

Wishing, knocking on wood, good luck charms, lucky numbers

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8
Q

Where do superstitions come from?

A

Subjective feelings, cultural/learned, personal experiences

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9
Q

Can superstitions change outcomes?

A

Yes

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10
Q

Do people know their superstitions are irrational?

A

Yes

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11
Q

What is authority?

A

Information derived from sources one deems trustworthy, critically thinking about your sources

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12
Q

What are some questions to consider with authority?

A

Are all sources trustworthy?
Are trustworthy sources good across the board?
How do we determine who is trustworthy?

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13
Q

Who is deemed trustworthy?

A

Friends, relatives, specialists, teachers, newscasters

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14
Q

What are some examples of authority? (They will be listed but you can do your own)

A

Child believes in the tooth fairy because their parents say it is real
Sick cat needs a blood test because the vet says so.
50 states in the US because the teacher said so

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15
Q

How does the authority figure come by this knowledge?

A

Experience, another authority, direct observation

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16
Q

What is rational-inductive argument?

A

Use of previous knowledge and experience, logic, and reasoning, can be objective but vulnerable to subjectivity, it is used in academic fields such as literature, history, and philosophy

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17
Q

Do all rational-inductive argument have research behind them?

A

No

Ex: why do you like the music you like? Why is it your favorite restaurant the best? Why is a sports player underrated?

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18
Q

Do sources matter with rational-inductive arguments?

A

Yes! Because these arguments are only as good as the information they are based off of so good sources matter

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19
Q

What is the scientific method?

A

Used to acquire knowledge, info is collected objectively and systematically, allows information to be unambiguous and reduces bias

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20
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

Testable explanation for how or why something occurs

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21
Q

Can we prove our hypothesis?

A

No

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22
Q

What can we do since we can’t prove our hypothesis?

A

Our data can support the hypothesis but it also can fail to support it

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23
Q

What counts as supporting vs failing to support a hypothesis?

A

95% confident
5% probability effect was due to random chance

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24
Q

What is a vehicle?

A

Everything but active ingredient (drug) of interest, given to people in control to account for admin effects as well as effects of ingredients themselves

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25
Q

What is the IV?

A

Condition researcher manipulates to observe potential impact on specified outcome measure (DV), minimum of 2 levels of IV to make any comparisons

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26
Q

What are levels/conditions of the IV?

A

Different ways IV is altered

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27
Q

What is the experimental group?

A

Group of participants that is given treatment of interest

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28
Q

What is the control group?

A

Participants that do not receive treatment of interest, shows differences between groups as result of IV and not other explanation

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29
Q

What is the DV?

A

Observable and measurable outcome of interest, believed to be dependent on conditions of IV

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30
Q

What is the purpose of a study?

A

To see if IV will have an effect on DV

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31
Q

What is a subject variable?

A

Measurable characteristic of participants that CANNOT be manipulated by researcher

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32
Q

What are examples of subject variables?

A

Substance use history, medical conditions, age, height, weight, gender identity, marital status, religion, income, education level

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33
Q

What kind of information do subject variables provide?

A

Correlational but not causal information

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34
Q

Why do we need subject variables?

A

Because there are a lot of conditions we care about that are things the research can’t manipulate or assign

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35
Q

What is causal information?

A

Manipulation of IV, X caused Y, some areas of science lend themselves to higher levels of experimenter control

Ex: rats given injection of cocaine had higher levels of activity than rats given a vehicle

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36
Q

What is correlational information?

A

No manipulation of IV, used when subject variables are of interest, CAN’T use causal language, correlation/association/relationship between X and Y

Ex: smoking associated with increased risk of lung cancer

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37
Q

What are multiple theories of parsimony?

A

Simplicity, support, and assumptions

Ex: I stick my key in lock it won’t turn
I have the wrong key
I have the wrong office
Department moved office and all belongings without telling me

All theories and deciding the best explanation with the simplest explanation

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38
Q

Why do we have statistics?

A

We can’t study every individual in a population, samples, generalization

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39
Q

What is a population?

A

Age, education level, SES, region/state, medical condition, substance use, occupation

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40
Q

What are scientific ways of knowing?

A

Scientific method

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41
Q

What are non-scientific ways of knowing?

A

Intuition, superstition, rational-inductive, and argument

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42
Q

When does superstition become a problem?

A

When it impacts peoples ability to function in society

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43
Q

What purpose should research have?

A

Understanding and predicting behavior, improving efficiency, disease treatment, aging, basic function

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44
Q

What are review papers?

A

No new original studies, cover scope of existing literature, good source for reference material, check primary sources

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45
Q

What is meta-analysis?

A

Systematic synthetization of existing studies, run statistical analysis using results from all studies, determine overall effect, check primary sources

46
Q

What should you avoid when writing?

A

Redundancy, ambiguity, long and complex sentences

47
Q

What is the title?

A

Descriptive, concise, relevant

48
Q

What should you always do in writing?

A

Clear, concise, specific, simple

49
Q

What is the abstract?

A

Short summary of paper, good way to check relevance, DO NOT stop at abstract

50
Q

What is the introduction?

A

Establishes topic importance, outlines previous literature, ends with hypothesis

51
Q

What are the methods?

A

Participants/subjects, task, procedure, drugs, imaging techniques and statistical tests

52
Q

What are the results?

A

Output from tests, graphs, figures, tables

53
Q

What are figures?

A

Some kind of graph title, label, axes, need legend to define areas of figure

54
Q

What is the discussion?

A

Interpretations, connection to previous literature, limitations, future directions

55
Q

What are the references?

A

Only contain works cited in text, great to find other relevant sources, APA cited

56
Q

When should you cite?

A

summarizing/rephrasing, direct quote, no need if common knowledge

57
Q

What are scientific journals?

A

Published weekly, monthly, bimonthly, can be assessed by impact factor

58
Q

What are impact factors?

A

Excellent >= 10
Good: 3-10
Acceptable: 1-2

59
Q

What is blind review?

A

Reviewers don’t know author, researchers don’t know reviewer

60
Q

What is a literature search?

A

Allows researchers to understand what is known and unknown about the topic of interest

61
Q

What do reviewers check for?

A

Experimental design, statistical methods, other factors addressed in limitations, authors interpretations align with results/reasonable

62
Q

What is the process of peer review?

A

1.) Editor: is this fit for a journal?
2.) Editor sends out for blind review
3.) Peer reviewers
4.) Editors make final decision

63
Q

What do peer reviewers do?

A

Critique manuscript, recommend whether article should be accepted, accepted with revisions, or rejected

64
Q

What are representative samples?

A

Subset of population that accurately reflects characteristics of larger group

65
Q

What is selection bias, how to get it in sample?

A

Convenience, under-coverage, non-responses, self-selection, random assignment

66
Q

What is random assignment?

A

Random group assignment once in the study

67
Q

What is random selection?

A

Going into study, randomly selecting from population

68
Q

What is self-assignment?

A

Participants choose, no idea why subjects chose what they did so lot of confound possibilities

69
Q

Why do we need measurements?

A

For us to study something, we need to measure it

70
Q

What is measurement?

A

Systematically assigning numbers to objects, events, or characteristics according to set of rules

71
Q

What is reliability?

A

Outcomes are consistent when repeatedly measured

72
Q

What is validity?

A

Instrument used measures what you claim to be measuring

73
Q

What is a nominal scale?

A

Categorical, order is arbitrary, labels (eye color, education, age)

74
Q

What is an ordinal scale?

A

Order is important, distance between categories might not be equal

75
Q

What is an interval scale?

A

Equal units of measurement across scale, order/relevant quantity of characteristic being measured, no true zero, - numbers possible

76
Q

What is a ratio scale?

A

Order matters, equal distance, true zero, allow ratio comparisons of values, length, weight, time, temp.

77
Q

Does the scientific method make it objective?

A

No, systematic approach makes it objective

78
Q

Is the scientific method always best?

A

Some questions require definitive choice without exploring all options

79
Q

What is the goal of the scientific method?

A

Narrow down list of possible explanations to a single explanation for results

80
Q

What is probability?

A

Chance a given event will occur (coin, dice, cards)

81
Q

What is the mode?

A

Nominal data, score that occurs most frequently

82
Q

What describes data?

A

Descriptive statistics, data averages, spread of data `

83
Q

What is the median?

A

Middle point, must be ordered before middle values are determined, provides data spread information (hair color)

84
Q

What is the mean?

A

Average of scores, most commonly used, easy to manipulate

85
Q

How to calculate the mean?

A

Add all scores divide by number of scores in set

86
Q

Levels of Measurement?

A

Nominal: named
Ordinal: named, natural order
Temperature: named, natural order, = interval
Ratio: named, natural order, = intervals, true zero

87
Q

What are outliers?

A

Values small or large given as much weight in mean as any other score, pulls mean

88
Q

What is standard deviation?

A

Measure of data dispersion, relative to mean, how far is score from mean?

89
Q

What is variance?

A

How much spread in data

90
Q

What is effect variance?

A

between groups

91
Q

What is error variance?

A

within groups

92
Q

How to calculate variance?

A

Difference between groups/difference in group

Effect of IV+ Error variance/error variance

93
Q

What is range?

A

Number of possible values for scores in data set

94
Q

What does range not indicate?

A

How data is distributed

95
Q

How to calculate range?

A

Subtract high score from low score

96
Q

What are correlations?

A

Degree/direction of relationship between variables, positive and negative

97
Q

What is the r-value?

A

-1.00 to +1.00, farther from 0

98
Q

What is pretest-posttest?

A

Each subject measured twice on same DV

99
Q

What is temporal priority?

A

IV must be introduced before DV is measured

100
Q

What are repeated measures?

A

True experiment, within subjects, one group tested two or more times by same tool, single testing session

101
Q

What is a longitudinal design?

A

Within subjects, studying same individual multiple times over months/years

102
Q

What are requirements for causation?

A

= groups, control confounds, temporal priority

103
Q

What is the null hypothesis?

A

Nothing different between two groups being compared

104
Q

How to determine alternative hypothesis?

A

Reject null hypothesis

105
Q

How to determine null hypothesis?

A

Hypothesis that is tested

106
Q

Which hypothesis can you never prove, only support?

A

Alternative

107
Q

What is a Type 1 error?

A

Reject null hypothesis when it is true, false positive

108
Q

What is a Type 1 error?

A

Reject null hypothesis when it is true, false positive

109
Q

How to increase power?

A

Increase sample size

110
Q

What is a type 2 error?

A

Failure to reject null hypothesis, when it is false, false negative

111
Q

What is less serious type 1 or type 2?

A

Type 2, avoid type 1

PSY 215 (4 decks)

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