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PSY 215 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

What is intuition based on?

A

Personal feelings (subjective), knowledge, BUT emerges without reason so it may be difficult to state why you feel the way you do

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2
Q

What is the difference between superstition and intuition?

A

Intuition may come without the use of reason but it can’t be contrary to reason, superstition is contrary to existing laws of nature and physics, intuition CAN be true, few life decisions should be made on superstition but intuition can be useful

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3
Q

What does intuition suffer from?

A

Confirmation bias, which is the remembrance of times your intuition was right while forgetting times it was wrong

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4
Q

When can intuition be useful?

A

Picking from a group of good choices, fast decisions

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5
Q

What is superstition?

A

Belief that violates known laws of nature, false association of causation

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6
Q

When is superstition a problem?

A

When people base their whole lives on it

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7
Q

What are examples of superstition?

A

Wishing, knocking on wood, good luck charms, lucky numbers

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8
Q

Where do superstitions come from?

A

Subjective feelings, cultural/learned, personal experiences

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9
Q

Can superstitions change outcomes?

A

Yes

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10
Q

Do people know their superstitions are irrational?

A

Yes

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11
Q

What is authority?

A

Information derived from sources one deems trustworthy, critically thinking about your sources

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12
Q

What are some questions to consider with authority?

A

Are all sources trustworthy?
Are trustworthy sources good across the board?
How do we determine who is trustworthy?

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13
Q

Who is deemed trustworthy?

A

Friends, relatives, specialists, teachers, newscasters

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14
Q

What are some examples of authority? (They will be listed but you can do your own)

A

Child believes in the tooth fairy because their parents say it is real
Sick cat needs a blood test because the vet says so.
50 states in the US because the teacher said so

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15
Q

How does the authority figure come by this knowledge?

A

Experience, another authority, direct observation

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16
Q

What is rational-inductive argument?

A

Use of previous knowledge and experience, logic, and reasoning, can be objective but vulnerable to subjectivity, it is used in academic fields such as literature, history, and philosophy

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17
Q

Do all rational-inductive argument have research behind them?

A

No

Ex: why do you like the music you like? Why is it your favorite restaurant the best? Why is a sports player underrated?

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18
Q

Do sources matter with rational-inductive arguments?

A

Yes! Because these arguments are only as good as the information they are based off of so good sources matter

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19
Q

What is the scientific method?

A

Used to acquire knowledge, info is collected objectively and systematically, allows information to be unambiguous and reduces bias

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20
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

Testable explanation for how or why something occurs

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21
Q

Can we prove our hypothesis?

A

No

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22
Q

What can we do since we can’t prove our hypothesis?

A

Our data can support the hypothesis but it also can fail to support it

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23
Q

What counts as supporting vs failing to support a hypothesis?

A

95% confident
5% probability effect was due to random chance

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24
Q

What is a vehicle?

A

Everything but active ingredient (drug) of interest, given to people in control to account for admin effects as well as effects of ingredients themselves

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25
What is the IV?
Condition researcher manipulates to observe potential impact on specified outcome measure (DV), minimum of 2 levels of IV to make any comparisons
26
What are levels/conditions of the IV?
Different ways IV is altered
27
What is the experimental group?
Group of participants that is given treatment of interest
28
What is the control group?
Participants that do not receive treatment of interest, shows differences between groups as result of IV and not other explanation
29
What is the DV?
Observable and measurable outcome of interest, believed to be dependent on conditions of IV
30
What is the purpose of a study?
To see if IV will have an effect on DV
31
What is a subject variable?
Measurable characteristic of participants that CANNOT be manipulated by researcher
32
What are examples of subject variables?
Substance use history, medical conditions, age, height, weight, gender identity, marital status, religion, income, education level
33
What kind of information do subject variables provide?
Correlational but not causal information
34
Why do we need subject variables?
Because there are a lot of conditions we care about that are things the research can’t manipulate or assign
35
What is causal information?
Manipulation of IV, X caused Y, some areas of science lend themselves to higher levels of experimenter control Ex: rats given injection of cocaine had higher levels of activity than rats given a vehicle
36
What is correlational information?
No manipulation of IV, used when subject variables are of interest, CAN’T use causal language, correlation/association/relationship between X and Y Ex: smoking associated with increased risk of lung cancer
37
What are multiple theories of parsimony?
Simplicity, support, and assumptions Ex: I stick my key in lock it won’t turn I have the wrong key I have the wrong office Department moved office and all belongings without telling me All theories and deciding the best explanation with the simplest explanation
38
Why do we have statistics?
We can’t study every individual in a population, samples, generalization
39
What is a population?
Age, education level, SES, region/state, medical condition, substance use, occupation
40
What are scientific ways of knowing?
Scientific method
41
What are non-scientific ways of knowing?
Intuition, superstition, rational-inductive, and argument
42
When does superstition become a problem?
When it impacts peoples ability to function in society
43
What purpose should research have?
Understanding and predicting behavior, improving efficiency, disease treatment, aging, basic function
44
What are review papers?
No new original studies, cover scope of existing literature, good source for reference material, check primary sources
45
What is meta-analysis?
Systematic synthetization of existing studies, run statistical analysis using results from all studies, determine overall effect, check primary sources
46
What should you avoid when writing?
Redundancy, ambiguity, long and complex sentences
47
What is the title?
Descriptive, concise, relevant
48
What should you always do in writing?
Clear, concise, specific, simple
49
What is the abstract?
Short summary of paper, good way to check relevance, DO NOT stop at abstract
50
What is the introduction?
Establishes topic importance, outlines previous literature, ends with hypothesis
51
What are the methods?
Participants/subjects, task, procedure, drugs, imaging techniques and statistical tests
52
What are the results?
Output from tests, graphs, figures, tables
53
What are figures?
Some kind of graph title, label, axes, need legend to define areas of figure
54
What is the discussion?
Interpretations, connection to previous literature, limitations, future directions
55
What are the references?
Only contain works cited in text, great to find other relevant sources, APA cited
56
When should you cite?
summarizing/rephrasing, direct quote, no need if common knowledge
57
What are scientific journals?
Published weekly, monthly, bimonthly, can be assessed by impact factor
58
What are impact factors?
Excellent >= 10 Good: 3-10 Acceptable: 1-2
59
What is blind review?
Reviewers don't know author, researchers don't know reviewer
60
What is a literature search?
Allows researchers to understand what is known and unknown about the topic of interest
61
What do reviewers check for?
Experimental design, statistical methods, other factors addressed in limitations, authors interpretations align with results/reasonable
62
What is the process of peer review?
1.) Editor: is this fit for a journal? 2.) Editor sends out for blind review 3.) Peer reviewers 4.) Editors make final decision
63
What do peer reviewers do?
Critique manuscript, recommend whether article should be accepted, accepted with revisions, or rejected
64
What are representative samples?
Subset of population that accurately reflects characteristics of larger group
65
What is selection bias, how to get it in sample?
Convenience, under-coverage, non-responses, self-selection, random assignment
66
What is random assignment?
Random group assignment once in the study
67
What is random selection?
Going into study, randomly selecting from population
68
What is self-assignment?
Participants choose, no idea why subjects chose what they did so lot of confound possibilities
69
Why do we need measurements?
For us to study something, we need to measure it
70
What is measurement?
Systematically assigning numbers to objects, events, or characteristics according to set of rules
71
What is reliability?
Outcomes are consistent when repeatedly measured
72
What is validity?
Instrument used measures what you claim to be measuring
73
What is a nominal scale?
Categorical, order is arbitrary, labels (eye color, education, age)
74
What is an ordinal scale?
Order is important, distance between categories might not be equal
75
What is an interval scale?
Equal units of measurement across scale, order/relevant quantity of characteristic being measured, no true zero, - numbers possible
76
What is a ratio scale?
Order matters, equal distance, true zero, allow ratio comparisons of values, length, weight, time, temp.
77
Does the scientific method make it objective?
No, systematic approach makes it objective
78
Is the scientific method always best?
Some questions require definitive choice without exploring all options
79
What is the goal of the scientific method?
Narrow down list of possible explanations to a single explanation for results
80
What is probability?
Chance a given event will occur (coin, dice, cards)
81
What is the mode?
Nominal data, score that occurs most frequently
82
What describes data?
Descriptive statistics, data averages, spread of data `
83
What is the median?
Middle point, must be ordered before middle values are determined, provides data spread information (hair color)
84
What is the mean?
Average of scores, most commonly used, easy to manipulate
85
How to calculate the mean?
Add all scores divide by number of scores in set
86
Levels of Measurement?
Nominal: named Ordinal: named, natural order Temperature: named, natural order, = interval Ratio: named, natural order, = intervals, true zero
87
What are outliers?
Values small or large given as much weight in mean as any other score, pulls mean
88
What is standard deviation?
Measure of data dispersion, relative to mean, how far is score from mean?
89
What is variance?
How much spread in data
90
What is effect variance?
between groups
91
What is error variance?
within groups
92
How to calculate variance?
Difference between groups/difference in group = Effect of IV+ Error variance/error variance
93
What is range?
Number of possible values for scores in data set
94
What does range not indicate?
How data is distributed
95
How to calculate range?
Subtract high score from low score
96
What are correlations?
Degree/direction of relationship between variables, positive and negative
97
What is the r-value?
-1.00 to +1.00, farther from 0
98
What is pretest-posttest?
Each subject measured twice on same DV
99
What is temporal priority?
IV must be introduced before DV is measured
100
What are repeated measures?
True experiment, within subjects, one group tested two or more times by same tool, single testing session
101
What is a longitudinal design?
Within subjects, studying same individual multiple times over months/years
102
What are requirements for causation?
= groups, control confounds, temporal priority
103
What is the null hypothesis?
Nothing different between two groups being compared
104
How to determine alternative hypothesis?
Reject null hypothesis
105
How to determine null hypothesis?
Hypothesis that is tested
106
Which hypothesis can you never prove, only support?
Alternative
107
What is a Type 1 error?
Reject null hypothesis when it is true, false positive
108
What is a Type 1 error?
Reject null hypothesis when it is true, false positive
109
How to increase power?
Increase sample size
110
What is a type 2 error?
Failure to reject null hypothesis, when it is false, false negative
111
What is less serious type 1 or type 2?
Type 2, avoid type 1

PSY 215 (4 decks)

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