Final Exam Flashcards
criteria for General Personality Disorder
A:
- an enduring pattern of 2 or more:
- cognition (ways of perceiving self, others, or
events)
- affectivity (range, intensity, and
appropriateness of emotional response)
- interpersonal functioning
- impulse control
B:
- enduring pattern is inflexible and pervasive
across a broad range of personal and social
situations
C:
- enduring pattern leads to significant
distress/impairment in social, occupational, or
other important areas of functioning
D:
- pattern is stable and for a long time, can be
traced to childhood or adolescents
what are the three clusters of personality disorder
- odd-eccentric
- dramatic-emotional
- anxious-fearful
cluster A defining characteristics for GPD
- flat affect, odd thought or speech patterns
3 disorders:- paranoid personality disorder
- schizotypal personality disorder
- schizoid personality disorder
cluster B defining characteristics of GPD
- manipulative and potentially uncaring
- emotional dysregulation
- inappropriately sexual and seductive behavior
- extreme focus on appearance
disorders:
- histrionic personality disorder
- antisocial personality disorder
- borderline personality disorder
cluster C defining characteristics for GPD
extreme concern of criticism and abandonment that leads to impaired relationships
Schizotypal personality disorder
- cluster A
- symptoms of schizophrenia but not severe
enough to warrant diagnosis - mild perceptual and cognitive distortions
- discomfort with and deficits in interpersonal
relations (wants close relations but often
avoids them) - seen as bright and creative often times
how does cluster A in personality disorder differ from schizophrenia
Cluster A in personality disorder lists paranoia as a symptom but unlike schizophrenia, it does not reach a high level of severity
schizophrenia usually think widely, like the government is attacking them while cluster A focus more on people they know
characteristics of antisocial personality disorder/ASPD
- disregard for and violation of the rights of others:
- failure to conform to social norms
- deceitfulness
- impulsivity or failure to plan ahead
- lack of remorse
- heavily genetic
histrionic personality disorder (characteristics, core beliefs, and learning history)
- exaggerated emotionality that lacks depth
(shallow and rapidly shifting emotions) - discomfort when not center of attention
(constant seeking of reassurance, approval
and praise) - inappropriately sexual and seductive behavior
(extreme focus on appearance)
core beliefs:
- self: if I can’t entertain people, they will
abandon me
- other: if other people don’t respond, they are
rotten
learning history:
- selective interpersonal reinforcement by
family and peer relationships leads to
excessive attention-seeking behaviors
early learning environment in ASPD/environments ASPD is found in
- moral insanity/constitutionally deficient in
moral faculties - overrepresented in criminal and substance
abuse settings - characterized by either passive/neglectful
parenting attitudes or overly harsh parenting
styles- passive: children who receive little attention
for (+) behaviors may engage in (-) behavior
for attention
- passive: children who receive little attention
- incapable of profiting from
reward/punishment
function of healthy narcissism
helps one maintain:
- a positive self-image
- regulatory processes
- needs for validation and affirmation
- self-enhancement
behaviors associated with clinical/grandiose narcissism
- arrogant, conceited and domineering attitudes and behaviors
also internal manifestations:- repressing negative aspects of self
- distorting disconfirming external information
- engaging in regulatory fantasies of unlimited
power, superiority, perfection, and adulation
what are the two primary characteristics of Borderline Personality Disorder
- instability in emotion, cognition, behavior, sense of self, and interpersonal relationships
- profound fears of abandonment (real or imagined) and esperate bids to avoid abandonment
early learning experiences that are associated with Borderline Personality Disorder
- maternal / paternal absences
- discord between parents
- raised by other relatives or in a foster home
- familial physical violence
- physical or sexual abuse, neglect
what is the meaning of “good enough mothering”
parents don’t need to be perfect, just present enough to form their child into a functioning member of society
how does “good enough mothering” align with Linehan’s understanding of BP development
the child doesn’t learn to develop normally if this is the case, which leads to child’s inner experiences being met with erratic responses from parent
with respect to genetic factors, what do scientists believe is being inherited with respect to BPD
scientists believe that predisposing traits are being inherited, which leads to a propensity to the disorder but not inheriting the disorder itself
what is the main limitation with twin studies on BPD
no adoption studies have been conducted, making it hard to rule out environmental factors
particular features of OCPD
orderliness
perfectionism
mental and interpersonal control
what is a sexual paraphilia
sexual arousal to non-normative or deviant stimuli and the associated sexual behaviors
- qualitative aspects of sexuality / direction of
sexual feelings
which disorders belong to the victim/victimless categories
victimless:
- fetishism
- transvestic fetishism
- sexual masochism & sadism (receiving end)
victim:
- exhibitionism
- frotteurism
- pedophilia
- sexual masochism & sadism
(nonconsensual)
- voyeurism
learning-based etiological models for sexual paraphilias
classical conditioning
imprinting
conditioning and fantasy rehearsal
early sexual trauma
dispositional factors that are often found in individuals with sexual paraphilias
- men
- impulsivity, anger, aggression, etc.
- heterosocial deficits
- early attachment problems
- comorbid pathology:
- mood disorder
- anxiety
- substance abuse
what is a potentially potent non-shared environmental factor in the development of psychopathy?
peer relationships
what area of the brain is thought to have learning deficits in psychopathy? is it the only part of the brain to be impacted like this?
amygdala; no
response modulation hypothesis (RMH) and how does attention bottleneck factor in?
psychopaths’ inability to adapt their behavior to changing circumstances results from an inability to process peripheral cues in the midst of a dominant response
attention bottleneck - the simultaneous processing of multiple channels of information, which can be seen to be slowed/negatively affected in psychopathy
how does Gray’s BIS/BAS model shown in psychopathy
the BIS (sensitive to threat) can be seen as weak and along with a normal BAS (sensitive to reward) can be seen in psychopaths
6 criteria for psychopathy that have the strongest influence on current conceptualizations of the disorder
- superficial charm and good intelligence
- lack of remorse or shame (inability to feel it at all)
- poor judgement and failure to learn by experience
- inadequately motivated antisocial behavior
- incapacity for love
- general poverty in major affective reactions
negative life events that characterize the youth of those later diagnosed with BPD
physical abuse, sexual abuse, and/or neglect during childhood
what is considered a key environmental factor in the development of BPD?
invalidating family environment
2 core features of BPD listed in the textbook?
affective instability and fear/intolerance of aloneness
in what ways are people with BPD “unstable”?
instability in self-image when patients have difficulty in maintaining a sense of who they are and /or what they want from their lives
psychopaths in relation to aversive stimuli
- less influenced by fear reactions
- don’t experience anxiety the same way as typical
people as well as fear- experiences aren’t translating into behavior as
experiences are rarely lumped with anxiety
- experiences aren’t translating into behavior as
- chronic low levels of arousal and in need to increase arousal levels, ASPD individuals will engage in higher-risk sensation-seeking behaviors
high-functioning/exhibitionistic narcissism
- exaggerated sense of self-importance
- outgoing, articulate, and energetic
- show “good adaptive functioning and use their narcissism as a motivation to succeed”
what statement do you ask to see if people could classify as a narcissist?
I am a narcissist
1 = not true –> 7 = true
grandiose/malignant narcissism subtype is characterized by:
- seething anger
- manipulativeness
- pursuit of interpersonal power and control
- lack of remorse (get overridden by need of ego
demands) - exaggerated self-importance
- feelings of privilege
- externalize negative life events
- have little insight into their behavior
fragile/hypersensitive/vulnerable narcissism subtype is characterized by:
- inability to consistently maintain a grandiose sense of self
- prone to narcissistic injury
- emotional states characterized by shame, anxiety, depression, and feelings of inadequacy
vulnerable vs. grandiose narcissism
vulnerable narcissistic is a lot closer to vulnerabilities while grandiose narcissists are a lot “better” at maintaining their grandiosity
paraphilia vs. paraphilic disorder
p - not distressing you or others
disorder - paraphilia accompanied by clinically significant distress or impairment or a nonconsenting person
exhibitionism and what it is associated w/
recurrent urge for exposure of the genitals to strangers or unsuspecting persons
- arousal response to shock, fear or embarrassment
of victims
associated w/
- acts of sexual aggression
- antisocial traits / heterosocial deficits
heterosocial
describes social relations with the opposite sex of the nonseexual nature (heterosocial deficits: lacking normal skills with the other sex)
fetishism and partialism
f- erotic attraction to nonliving objects
p- a form of fetishistic behavior involving intense erotic attraction to specific parts of the body
transvestic fetishism
heterosexual men for whom dressing in women’s clothing is found to be sexually arousing
frotteurism and what it is associated w/
individual’s touching or rubbing his genitals against the leg, buttocks or other body parts of an unsuspecting person (usually undetected by victim)
associated w/
- withdrawn, immature or socially avoidant
personality style
pedophilia and subtypes
adults for whom prepubescent children are the focus of erotic attraction and interest
- opportunistic
- pervasively angry
- sexual
sexual sadism
involves excitement in response to the infliction of psychological or physical suffering
enjoyment of inflicting pain
sexual masochism
involves excitement in response to being humiliated or made to suffer (some enjoy either role while others only are aroused in one or the other)
enjoyment of experiencing pain
sadomasochistic behaviors
beating/burning
restraint
blindfolding
body piercing
humiliation
voyeurism and essential feature
observation of an unsuspecting person or persons who are nude, disrobing or engaging in a sexual act
essential feature: lack of awareness of victim
what is voyeurism associated with
- sadism, aggression & sexual assault
- little sexual experience and lack of
heterosocial skills - strong feelings of inferiority
paraphilia, NOS
- telephone scatalogia (obscene telephone
calling) - necrophilia (corpses)
- zoophilia (animals)
- coprophilia (feces)
- urophilia (urine)
difference between cluster B and C
- function
- manifestation (B is manipulative, lack of empathy, and high-risk behavior)
avoidant personality disorder
- feelings of extreme social inhibition, inadequacy, and sensitivity to negative criticism and rejection
- avoidance of activities of daily living (work) involving people for fear of criticism or rejection
- low self-esteem and social isolation
dependent personality disorder
- feelings of helplessness, submissiveness, dependence, reassurance seeking
- difficulty making independent decisions
- avoidance of adult activities and tolerance of abuse and maltreatment
different between OCPD and other cluster C disorders
they have no sensitivity to criticism
OCPD vs. OCD
OCPD - perfectionism
OCD - obsessions and compulsions due to
intrusive thoughts
when does OCPD begin
early adulthood
what do people with OCPD give up within their disorder
- flexibility
- openness
- efficiency
4 or more of the following are needed to diagnose OCPD:
- preoccupied with rules / lists
- shows perfectionism interfering w/ task
completion - excessively devoted to work, excluding leisure
- inflexible about morality, ethics or values
- unable to discard worn-out clothes
- reluctant to work w/ others unless it is done
their way - money is something that is hoarded, not
spent in case of disaster - rigidity and stubbornness
based on your textbook, the term “borderline” stems from who’s viewpoint?
stern (1938)
Obsessive-Compulsive personality requires at least 5 symptom characteristics (t/f)
false, 4
there have been efforts to change the name of Borderline PD to
Unstable Personality Disorder
On average how many introverted people are likely to be diagnosed with Histrionic Personality Disorder?
none!
sexual paraphilias always involve a victim in some way (t/f)
false
“If I don’t entertain people, they will abandon me” is an example of which disorder’s core belief?
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Psychopathy is a highly inheritable disorder (t/f)
false
Mckenna is unaware of her conceded nature. She feels entitled to special treatment from others. what is her diagnosis?
Grandiose Narcissism
Which is NOT a characteristic of BPD?
fears of abandonment
tumultuous interpersonal relationships
emotional instability
none of the above
none of the above
A person who is uncomfortable when not the center of attention, whose emotions lack depth / change rapidly could have …
histrionic personality disorder
Per lecture, overly harsh or neglectful parenting styles are potential characteristics of what?
Psychopathy
Schizotypal personality disorder is characterized by which of the following?
less severe symptoms of schizophrenia
showing little regard for the safety of others and
possibly their own
inappropriately sexual and seductive behavior
extreme feelings of paranoia
less severe symptoms of schizophrenia
“I can’t trust or make friends with anyone, because they’re going to stab me in the back”, is an example of
paranoid personality disorder
what is a “narcissistic injury”?
constructive criticism toward a narcissistic person
John likes to dress up in mini skirts and high heels because he finds it very sexually arousing. This displays …
Transvestic Fetishism
A common theme across theoretical models of borderline personality disorder is
invalidating early attachment
fetishism is considered a psychological disorder (t/f)
false
which of the following is not found to be inherited in individuals with BPD?
anxiety
impulse control problems
narcissism
mood disorders
narcissism
which is inaccurate regarding features of psychopathic individuals?
they’re easily aroused
they engage in negative behaviors for attention
have neglectful parents
they’re slow to adapt a conditioned response to
fear
they’re easily aroused
narcissism is both old as an ____ and a ______
idea; formal psychological construct
when was narcissism added as a formal diagnosis / in which DSM?
DSM-III
what does the tower of babel reference with Narcissistic personality?
clinical and social/personality psychologists differ in how they conceptualize and measure narcissism, making there be no one gold standard definition or theoretical model of narcissism
high scores on the Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) show:
-negative associations with trait neuroticism and depression
-positive associations with achievement motivation and self-esteem
Autonomy subtype of healthy narcissism
- correlated with self-ratings and partner-ratings of creativity, empathy, achievement orientation, and individualism
- prototype generally associated with positive trajectories in longitudinal studies
why does the “I am a narcissist” statement work?
- we don’t know fully
- works for vulnerable because they are more
willing to admit as they are more tuned with
insecurities
developmental and learning history for narcissistic personality disorder
- overvaluation by parents not balanced w/ realistic
feedback - lack of valuation and idealization by parents
two opposing styles produce the same end
cluster C disorders
- avoidant personality
- dependent personality
- OCPD
