Exam 2 Flashcards
What is likely being inherited with respect to predispositions to addictive behavior?
behavioral control problems (i.e. impulsive personalities)
What is temporal discounting and how might it relate to addiction?
Individuals may elect the short-term gratification associated with substance use over the long-term benefits of sobriety which leads to lapses and relapses
What is the role of operant conditioning in substance use disorders?
- Rewarding effects following behavior will increase the chance that the behavior will occur again (if you do something and it feels good, you will do it again, and vice versa for bad)
Substance use: - Pharmacological, social, and environment factors produce rewards following self-administration:
What is the role of classical conditioning in substance use disorders?
(main issue)
Drug-induced euphoria becomes associated with stimuli present during euphoric state
Body learns what things cue a substance (ex. Bill is coming over and he always brings weed, body anticipates it and learns over time)
harder to quit it associated with multiple stimuli
Be able to identify and distinguish between the A and B process in addiction and how it relates to withdrawal, tolerance, and cravings.
A process is the feeling a high/substance gives you while the B process is your body preparing for the substance. This can be triggered by a certain stimulus, so when you body initiates the B process, you are going to crave the substance. If the B process is initiated, then you are going to need more of the drug to receive the same high, which is how tolerance works.
Understand the link between tension reduction theory and expectancy theory
tension - people are motivated to drink to reduce tension
expectancy - The ultimate focus is on what motivates people to drink alcohol more so than others (its what they expect to happen, have huge role in human behavior)
people want to drink to reduce tension as this is what they expect will happen
identify the main symptoms and diagnostic criteria of substance use disorders
manifested by 2 or more of the following over a 12-month period:
- Build up tolerance or substance is beginning to have inroads to impacting behavior
- Inability to cut down or control use
- Time and resources spent in obtaining, using, or recovering from substance use
- Cravings
- Failure to fulfill major role obligations
- Social, occupational, or recreational activities reduced because of addition
- Recurrent substance in wrong situations/becoming problematic
- Continued use despite having persistent or recurrent social/interpersonal problems caused or exacerbated by the effects of the substance
Be able to identify the main symptoms of anorexia and bulimia nervosa and what differentiates the two disorders (i.e. age of onset)
an:
- restrictive of energy intake relative to requirements
- intense fear of gaining weight/becoming fat
- disturbance in the way in which one’s body shape is experienced
- age of onset: earlier
- restrictive for long periods of time
bu:
- recurrent episodes of binge eating
- Recurrent inappropriate compensatory behaviors in order to prevent weight gain (laxatives, vomiting, etc.)
- age of onset: later
- restrictive for short periods of time followed by binges and maybe purges
evidence regarding media/cultural, peer, and family influences on eating disorders
- Exposure to the “thin ideal” may underscore greater body dissatisfaction
- Higher frequency in subcultures that place a special emphasis on slimness and weight control (e.g., ballet dancers, athletes, models, etc.)
- peer influence through verbal and passive comments
- Mothers’ critical comments prospectively predicted ED outcome for their daughters
what personality/temperamental traits are common to eating disorders and which are distinct across anorexia
perfectionistic, OCD, high criticism and sensitivity to social approval
Anorexia-specific:
- High constraint
- Low novelty seeking
what personality/temperamental traits are common to eating disorders and which are distinct across bulimia
perfectionistic, OCD, high criticism and sensitivity to social approval
Bulimia-specific:
- High impulsivity
- Lack of forethought and failure to contemplate future consequences of current behavior
- Sensation seeking:
- Willingness to take personal/social risks to satisfy need for varied, novel and complex situations/experiences
Impact of the cultural/societal factors on eating disorders
cultures that value thinness as well as when it isn’t considered inappropriate to comment on one’s body have higher rates of eating disorders
what differentiates a neurotic vs. psychotic disorders
psy - a severe mental disorder characterized by a break with reality, where someone losses touch with reality (ex. delusions)
neu - a milder mental disorder characterized by distortions of reality, one understands the world but behaving irrationally
the difference between positive and negative symptoms in Schizophrenia
pos - not good, thought to be something added on that isn’t usually there
neg - not bad, thought to be something that isn’t there/missing from the norm
what are the positive symptoms in Schizophrenia
thought concept
- delusions
perception
- hallucinations/illusions
form of thought
- vague and unfocused speech, doesn’t make sense to
anyone but the speaker
what are the negative symptoms in Schizophrenia
affect
- mood lability
volition
- loss of drive/motivation
interpersonal relationships
- social withdrawal
identity
- confusion of personal identity and boundaries
between external and internal world
psychomotor behavior
- hyperactivity or catatonic rigidity
difference between the various subtypes of Schizophrenia
paranoid -
- Preoccupation with persecutory delusions or
auditory hallucinations
- Paranoid = younger in age
disorganized -
- Prominent feature is disorganized speech and
behavior
- Flat or inappropriate emotional expressions
- Disorganized = older in age
catatonic -
- Motor immobility or excessive motor activity
- Waxy flexibility: people taking picture posed
them, people in a catatonic state could be moved
into a position and remain in the same position,
thought to be reflective to medication and not
disorder itself
identify the changes in the Schizophrenia diagnosis across the DSM-IV to DSM-V
- A greater number of symptoms are required to
receive the diagnosis; two (as opposed to one) of the
following:
Delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech,
disorganized/catatonic behavior, and negative
symptoms. - subtypes removed
- dimensional approach
- Individual must have one of the most blatant
symptoms: hallucination, delusion, disorganized
speech
what are the main neurotransmitters thought to be involved in Schizophrenia
dopamine (dysfunction is dopamine release) and glutamate (excess of glutamate can be neurotoxic and underlie problems seen in schizophrenia)
- both play a role but not the main causing factor
what are the brain structures thought to be involved in Schizophrenia
- lateral area in brain shows deterioration in brain scans
- Decreased frontal, temporal, and whole brain volume
- Frontal Lobe:
- Higher-order cognitive processes
- Hippocampus:
- Long-term memory formation
- Start to develop higher order memory problems
- Frontal Lobe:
- overall decrease in mass
what are the main points about genetic determinants of Schizophrenia
- thought to be environmental but also genetic (certain genes are triggered by the environment that plays a role in schizophrenia)
identify environmental determinants of schizophrenia and their common denominator
- Schizophrenia significantly more likely to develop in
children reared in dysfunctional families - Schizophrenia more likely to occur when reared in
institutional setting
what is the symptom profile for a manic episode
At least three of the following:
- Inflated self-esteem (grandiosity)
- Decreased need for sleep
- Racing thoughts or flight of ideas
- Rapid or pressured speech (ideas flowing of quickly,
their mouths can’t seem to catch up)
- Reckless and impulsive behavior
- e.g., indiscreet sexual liaisons, spending sprees,
- Reckless driving
- Enhanced energy
- Distractibility
