Final Exam Flashcards
homo habilis
2.5-1.7 mya
610 cc
Prognathism (jutting of the lower jaw)
Oldowan tools
smaller teeth
similar skeleton to Australopithecines
No chin
homo erectus
1.9 mya-108 kya
900 cc
reduced prognathism
Acheulean tools
flat occipital torus (bun at back of head)
increased body size
no chin
Archaic Homo
610-115 kya
1250 cc
reduced prognathism
large brow ridge
rounder occipital torus
reduction in robustness
definite fire use
no chin
Homo Floresiensis
190-50 kya
400cc
very short
large teeth for body size
receding forehead
no chin
Homo Neanderthalensis
250-30 kya
1650 cc
sloping forehead
rounded occipital bun
large nose
smaller teeth, large jaw
no chin
Homo Sapiens
220 kya-present
1250 cc
no prognathism
vertical forehead
rounded cranial shape
mental eminence (chin!)
common characteristics throughout the genus Homo
increase brain size
reduced prognathism (flatter face)
smaller jaws and teeth
refinement of bipedalism (shorter arms, longer legs)
sophisticated tool use
evidence of culture
infectious processes and examples
pathogenic factors which alter bone by attacking it
ex) osteomyelitis, tuberculosis, leprosy
noninfectious processes and examples
remodel bone as a result of an underlying disease
ex) cancers or congenital disorders
mechanical processes
factors which directly remodel bone as a result of cultural practices, accidental damage, or violence
sequestrum
an infected area of bone that the body isolates
involucrum
a shell of new bone created around the sequestrum, to
wall off the area and prevent the free movement of infectious agents
cloaca
holes in the involucrum that pus (created by the sequestrum) drains through
syphilis
caused by bacterium Treponema pallidum
can leave distinctive lesions
tuberculosis
if left untreated, it will spread to infect the spine, leaving lesions on the vertebra
periostitis
infection of the periosteum (outer surface of the bone), characterized by a wooden, grainy texture on bone
cribra orbitalia
caused by iron deficiency (anemia)
results in porous, sandy texture near the eye orbitals
when on other parts of the crania, it is called Porotic hyperostosis
rickets
a lack of vitamin D causing long bones to bow/curve
eburnation
advanced rubbing of joints together can result in the polishing of the ends of the bones
cultural modification examples
- chinese foot binding
- skull modification using cradelboarding
- trepanation involves cutting off pieces of the skull
types of dental modifications
- dental carries/cavities
- wear
- staining
- filling
- anomalous growth
process of forensic anthropology
- Determine forensic significance
- Minimum number of individuals
- Identification
- Pathology, trauma, & taphonomy
- Report writing
what do forensic anthropologists look at
biological profile
- sex
- ancestry
- age
- stature
pathology, trauma, and taphonomy
individualizing characteristics (tattoos, surgical screws, etc.)
3 ways to determine sex on the Os Coxae
- ventral arc
- fem = ridge
- male = rounded
- subpubic concavity
- fem = curved in
- male = curved out
- ischio-pubic ramus
- fem = thin
- male = thick
female is lower score, male is higher
3 types of trauma
- blunt force trauma = relatively low-velocity impact over larger surface area (ex. fists, clubs, sticks, etc.)
- projectile trauma = high-velocity trauma affecting small surface area (ex. bullets)
- thermal trauma = bone alteration caused by exposure to extreme heat
antemortem
trauma that occurs before death
perimortem
trauma that occurs at or around the time of death
postmortem
modification that occurs after death
trauma cannot occur after death
for H. Sapiens, tool use is lumped into:
- Upper Paleolithic
- upper old stone age
- Lower Paleolithic
- stone tools by H. Erectus and H. Habilis
- Middle Paleolithic
- archaic H. Sapiens
types of upper paleolithic tools
- more precisely made
- blades, twice as long as wide
- burins, small and sharp to whittle or cut bone
what shelters did H. Sapiens live in
caves and rock shelters as well as manufactured shelter (huts made out of wood, animal bone, animal hides)
by 50 kya, humans have reached _____, making _____ possible somehow
Australia, sea travel
multiregional hypothesis
Ancestral humans left Africa over 1 mya (as
Homo erectus) and spread to Europe, Asia,
S.E. Asia, as well as some that stayed in
Africa.
also stating how there has always been a large amount of gene flow and that is how these different regional populations came to look so similar
replacement hypothesis/OOA
H. erectus left africa by 1 mya, but H. Sapiens left africa 100 kya and replaced all other hominid pops completely by 35 kya
what do homo naledi and homo floresiensis have in common?
small stature
what two species in the Homo genus share DNA with Homo Sapiens?
neanderthal and Denisovans
tool types associated with homo neanderthals
Mousterian and Levallois
Hominin species to first migrate out of Africa
Homo Erectus
humans are __% identical
99
human diversity comes along gradients called
clines
DNA hybridization
joining two DNA/RNA strands to determine the genetic distance between species
FISH (fluorescent in situ hybridization) is used for
identifying and locating polymorphisms directly in chromosomes
anthropometrics
measures of the human body, skull and face
two microevolution processes that produce a gradient in human variation
gene flow and genetic drift
gradient being the key word
genetic similarity ____ when distance _____
decreases; increases
bone spurs are caused by
osteoarthritis
pathology includes
disease, fractures, sharp-force trauma
not cranial modifications as it is usually intentional
diseases that harm bones and one that doesn’t
do: syphilis, tuberculosis, hyperostosis
don’t: measles
what 3 diseases are caused by deficencies?
rickets (vitamin D)
cribra orbitalia (iron)
osteoporosis (calcium)
best conditions to preserve ancient DNA
cold, dry, least exposure to oxygen, and neutral pH
why is modern DNA contamination likely to result from ancient DNA research?
modern DNA is in better shape than ancient DNA
how can contamination be avoided in a lab?
bleach surfaces
UV radiation
small number of samples at a time
3 ways ancient DNA can be extracted
decalcifying bones with EDTA
digesting proteins
separating DNA
example of ancient DNA work
individual identification and crime scene investigation
what can we estimate from ancient DNA and migration patterns
who lived where and when they lived there
are homo neanderthalensis equidistant from all modern human populations? what does this prove?
yes; proves the OOA (out of africa) theory
benefit of paleogenetics
modern population can be genetically linked through ancient DNA
are cultural modifications always intentional?
no
what is the first thing forensic anthropologists look at?
if the material is bone!
can forensic anthropologists determine ancestry?
no, they don’t determine anything, just estimate
best determination for sex in the skeleton
pelvic girdle, most sexually dimorphic part of the body
what causes the imprint of root growth on bone
root etching
what allows humans to make a larger range of sounds
the larynx being lower in the throat
can humans eat and breath at the same time?
no, but this gives us our language capabilities
recent agricultural changes in the last 12,000 years
- agriculture
- sedentary societies
- more food
- industrialization
- domesticated plants and animals
what changes could be detected in the fossil record that would tell you a wild plant or animal species has become domesticated? and what about its genetic make up?
- less variability
- handleability
and - increase in grain size
detection of domestication in animals
- There is a lowered age of sexual maturity.
- Behavior becomes increasingly docile.
- Larger litters/amount of offspring occurs
- Changes in dominant color alleles are
present - Changes in frequency and/or seasonality
occur in reproductive timing - reduction in body size
blood groups
ABO
MN
Rhesus
Diego
Duffy
Kell
how do we identify blood groups?
antigen:antibody reaction = causes clumping of red blood cells
antibodies and antigens definition
antibody - substances that react to other substances invading the body
antigen - substances that invade the body that stimulate the production of antibodies
distribution of blood group ABO types
A - australia and NW Asia and North America
B - Asia
O - South America and North America
hetero- vs homo-duplexes
hetero - fewer hydrogen bonds, less energy to break than apart
homo - more hydrogen bonds, more energy to break them apart
melting point temperature in relation to species
Higher the more closely related species are, lower the more distant
odontometrics
measurements of the size of teeth, made from casts of a persons upper and lower jaws
dermatoglyphics
measurements of fingerprints and palmprints
physiological measures
blood pressure
heart rate
blood cell counts
respiratory rate
etc.
univariate vs. multivariate
uni - the analysis of human biological variation focusing on a single trait
mult - the analysis of human biological variation that considers the interrelationships of several traits simultaneously
ways to find similarities between species
RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism)
SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism)
Length polymorphism
Direct sequencing
Comparative sequencing
dr. merriwether is a _____ anthropologist
molecular
what conditions are bad for aDNA?
heat, wet, acidic pH, and uv light
what are problems unique to ancient DNA?
contamination
forensic DNA sources
hairs
skin cells
teeth
tissue
anything that ever had DNA in it to start with!
what can we do with aDNA?
individual identification (missing people)
relatedness
evolution
diet and disease
migrations and demography
green vs. noonan papers
2 labs sequences from the same sample
- green reported 30% admixture w/ modern human while noonan reported none
later revealed that greenhad a contaminated lab
Romanovs
Nine people were killed and robbed so their identities were not known, but aDNA testing revealed the identities, including some of royalty
haplotype vs. haplogroup
type - collection of polymorphisms or markers linked on the same chromosome
group - collection of haplotypes that all share a number of polymorphisms in common
what chromosome shows true movements of one’s ancestry and why?
X chromosome as history is mostly with women staying with their offspring, unlike the Y chromosome (as shown with Attila the Hun, 13 million men in Asia share his Y)
what are 2 theories of how Native Americans got to America?
Coastal route and Ice-free corridor
3 types of migratory waves
separate migratory events (lasting an indeterminate amount of time)
multiple migrations (from the same source population)
multiple migrations (from different sources)
Bergmann’s rule
within a broadly distributed taxonomic clade:
1) populations and species of larger size are found in colder environments
2) species of smaller size are found in warmer regions
Allen’s rule
body shapes and proportions of endotherms vary by climatic temperature:
1) by minimizing exposed surface area to minimize heat loss in cold climates
2) by maximizing exposed surface area to maximize heat loss in hot climates
how do endotherms from hot and cold climates differ (according to Allen’s rule)?
hot: long and thin ears, limbs, tails, snouts, etc.
cold: short and thick limbs, ears, tails, snouts, etc.
what group of people are greatly adapted?
the Tibetans, especially with oxygenation
what is an adaptation that differ between men and women?
circulation
- women have colder extremities due to the biological
need to “protect the core”
hypoxia and symptoms
altitude sickness
fatigue, dizziness, nausea/vomiting, poor circulation, etc.
fission vs. fusion and examples
fission - reduce variation
- when an area gets too populated, very often some people will get together and leave to set up a new village
fusion - increase variation
- when a population gets too small due to outside pressures (illness, warfare), two groups will merge
exogamy
the tendency to choose mates from outside the local population
exogamous marriages leads to gene flow between villages
what marriage practice reduces Y chromosome variation?
polygyny (mult. wives per man)
sources of mutations
gene flow and mutations that change with time
what causes changes to variation
genetic drift
natural selection
demographic events
hemoglobin
transports oxygen to body tissue
connection with sickle cell, hemoglobin and malaria
mosquitos that carry malaria are more likely to favor people who have homozygous alleles for hemoglobin or sickle cell, but leave people who are heterozygous
why is there an increase in mosquitoes in Africa when there used to be not a large population there?
human’s changed the climate in Africa, making it one mosquitos favor (more sun hitting the ground and changes in soil chemistry)
aspects of having darker skin near the equator
- blocks vitamin D poisoning
- prevention against skin cancer
- prevents sun-burn related illness
aspects of having lighter skin at higher latitudes
- allows enough UV to produce enough vitamin D from low UV radiation environment
- prevents vitamin D deficiency
problems with race
don’t know how many exist
said that average IQ scores do differ with “race” however this is a social construct and not accurate
demography
the study of the size, composition, and distribution of human populations
fertility
actual reproduction (the number of births per individual)
one current area of research in Paleogenomics is what?
recreating mammoths
one result of paleogenetic research has been what?
identifying founding lineages in Indigenous populations
timeline of the genus Homo
habilis
erectus
archaic
floresiensis
neanderthalensis
sapiens
fecundity
potential reproduction (the number of people capable of having children)
industrial societies in relation to fertility and mortality
lower fertility and a reduction in mortality, providing a more rectangular shape (mostly young adults)
developing nations population age
triangular shaped pyramid, slightly pinched or thinned at the top and fat on the bottom (young population)
demographic transition theory
populations become more economically developed leading to a reduction in death rates, leading to population growth, followed by a reduction in birth rates
3 stages of the demographic transition theory
undeveloped areas w/ high fertility and mortality
rapidly developing regions w/ high fertility and low mortality
developed regions w/ low fertility and mortality
epidemic disease
epidemic pattern has new cases that spread quickly
secular change
change in the average pattern of growth or development in a population over several generations
smallpox, polio and ebola are examples of
reemergence of infectious diseases
HIV and SARS are examples of
emergent infectious disease
short term response to a higher altitude
make more red blood cells to transport more oxygen
irish potato famine
land didn’t farm well until potatoes arrived
caused more income for families, which lead to earlier marriage and growth in fertility/pop.
the potato blight happened, wiping out source of income and food, wiping out 1 mil people
outcome: caused a great emigration from Ireland all over the world, and caused culture to revert to later marriage and less fertility
US population pyramid
large population in middle age, smaller in older and younger ages
looks like a vase
blue baby in relation to blood groups and how can it be prevented
when the mother makes antibodies towards baby’s blood during birth, resulting in an un-oxygenated baby / “blue baby”
can be prevented by medicine that turns off immune system during birth
