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Bio Anthropology 168 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

homo habilis

A

2.5-1.7 mya

610 cc

Prognathism (jutting of the lower jaw)

Oldowan tools

smaller teeth

similar skeleton to Australopithecines

No chin

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2
Q

homo erectus

A

1.9 mya-108 kya

900 cc

reduced prognathism

Acheulean tools

flat occipital torus (bun at back of head)

increased body size

no chin

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3
Q

Archaic Homo

A

610-115 kya

1250 cc

reduced prognathism

large brow ridge

rounder occipital torus

reduction in robustness

definite fire use

no chin

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4
Q

Homo Floresiensis

A

190-50 kya

400cc

very short

large teeth for body size

receding forehead

no chin

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5
Q

Homo Neanderthalensis

A

250-30 kya

1650 cc

sloping forehead

rounded occipital bun

large nose

smaller teeth, large jaw

no chin

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6
Q

Homo Sapiens

A

220 kya-present

1250 cc

no prognathism

vertical forehead

rounded cranial shape

mental eminence (chin!)

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7
Q

common characteristics throughout the genus Homo

A

increase brain size

reduced prognathism (flatter face)

smaller jaws and teeth

refinement of bipedalism (shorter arms, longer legs)

sophisticated tool use

evidence of culture

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8
Q

infectious processes and examples

A

pathogenic factors which alter bone by attacking it

ex) osteomyelitis, tuberculosis, leprosy

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9
Q

noninfectious processes and examples

A

remodel bone as a result of an underlying disease

ex) cancers or congenital disorders

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10
Q

mechanical processes

A

factors which directly remodel bone as a result of cultural practices, accidental damage, or violence

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11
Q

sequestrum

A

an infected area of bone that the body isolates

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12
Q

involucrum

A

a shell of new bone created around the sequestrum, to
wall off the area and prevent the free movement of infectious agents

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13
Q

cloaca

A

holes in the involucrum that pus (created by the sequestrum) drains through

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14
Q

syphilis

A

caused by bacterium Treponema pallidum

can leave distinctive lesions

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15
Q

tuberculosis

A

if left untreated, it will spread to infect the spine, leaving lesions on the vertebra

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16
Q

periostitis

A

infection of the periosteum (outer surface of the bone), characterized by a wooden, grainy texture on bone

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17
Q

cribra orbitalia

A

caused by iron deficiency (anemia)

results in porous, sandy texture near the eye orbitals

when on other parts of the crania, it is called Porotic hyperostosis

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18
Q

rickets

A

a lack of vitamin D causing long bones to bow/curve

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19
Q

eburnation

A

advanced rubbing of joints together can result in the polishing of the ends of the bones

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20
Q

cultural modification examples

A
  • chinese foot binding
  • skull modification using cradelboarding
  • trepanation involves cutting off pieces of the skull
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21
Q

types of dental modifications

A
  • dental carries/cavities
  • wear
  • staining
  • filling
  • anomalous growth
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22
Q

process of forensic anthropology

A
  1. Determine forensic significance
  2. Minimum number of individuals
  3. Identification
  4. Pathology, trauma, & taphonomy
  5. Report writing
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23
Q

what do forensic anthropologists look at

A

biological profile
- sex
- ancestry
- age
- stature

pathology, trauma, and taphonomy

individualizing characteristics (tattoos, surgical screws, etc.)

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24
Q

3 ways to determine sex on the Os Coxae

A
  • ventral arc
    • fem = ridge
    • male = rounded
  • subpubic concavity
    • fem = curved in
    • male = curved out
  • ischio-pubic ramus
    • fem = thin
    • male = thick

female is lower score, male is higher

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25
Q

3 types of trauma

A
  • blunt force trauma = relatively low-velocity impact over larger surface area (ex. fists, clubs, sticks, etc.)
  • projectile trauma = high-velocity trauma affecting small surface area (ex. bullets)
  • thermal trauma = bone alteration caused by exposure to extreme heat
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26
Q

antemortem

A

trauma that occurs before death

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27
Q

perimortem

A

trauma that occurs at or around the time of death

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28
Q

postmortem

A

modification that occurs after death

trauma cannot occur after death

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29
Q

for H. Sapiens, tool use is lumped into:

A
  • Upper Paleolithic
    • upper old stone age
  • Lower Paleolithic
    • stone tools by H. Erectus and H. Habilis
  • Middle Paleolithic
    • archaic H. Sapiens
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30
Q

types of upper paleolithic tools

A
  • more precisely made
    • blades, twice as long as wide
    • burins, small and sharp to whittle or cut bone
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31
Q

what shelters did H. Sapiens live in

A

caves and rock shelters as well as manufactured shelter (huts made out of wood, animal bone, animal hides)

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32
Q

by 50 kya, humans have reached _____, making _____ possible somehow

A

Australia, sea travel

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33
Q

multiregional hypothesis

A

Ancestral humans left Africa over 1 mya (as
Homo erectus) and spread to Europe, Asia,
S.E. Asia, as well as some that stayed in
Africa.

also stating how there has always been a large amount of gene flow and that is how these different regional populations came to look so similar

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34
Q

replacement hypothesis/OOA

A

H. erectus left africa by 1 mya, but H. Sapiens left africa 100 kya and replaced all other hominid pops completely by 35 kya

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35
Q

what do homo naledi and homo floresiensis have in common?

A

small stature

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36
Q

what two species in the Homo genus share DNA with Homo Sapiens?

A

neanderthal and Denisovans

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37
Q

tool types associated with homo neanderthals

A

Mousterian and Levallois

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38
Q

Hominin species to first migrate out of Africa

A

Homo Erectus

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39
Q

humans are __% identical

A

99

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40
Q

human diversity comes along gradients called

A

clines

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41
Q

DNA hybridization

A

joining two DNA/RNA strands to determine the genetic distance between species

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42
Q

FISH (fluorescent in situ hybridization) is used for

A

identifying and locating polymorphisms directly in chromosomes

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43
Q

anthropometrics

A

measures of the human body, skull and face

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44
Q

two microevolution processes that produce a gradient in human variation

A

gene flow and genetic drift
gradient being the key word

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45
Q

genetic similarity ____ when distance _____

A

decreases; increases

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46
Q

bone spurs are caused by

A

osteoarthritis

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47
Q

pathology includes

A

disease, fractures, sharp-force trauma
not cranial modifications as it is usually intentional

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48
Q

diseases that harm bones and one that doesn’t

A

do: syphilis, tuberculosis, hyperostosis

don’t: measles

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49
Q

what 3 diseases are caused by deficencies?

A

rickets (vitamin D)
cribra orbitalia (iron)
osteoporosis (calcium)

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50
Q

best conditions to preserve ancient DNA

A

cold, dry, least exposure to oxygen, and neutral pH

51
Q

why is modern DNA contamination likely to result from ancient DNA research?

A

modern DNA is in better shape than ancient DNA

52
Q

how can contamination be avoided in a lab?

A

bleach surfaces
UV radiation
small number of samples at a time

53
Q

3 ways ancient DNA can be extracted

A

decalcifying bones with EDTA
digesting proteins
separating DNA

54
Q

example of ancient DNA work

A

individual identification and crime scene investigation

55
Q

what can we estimate from ancient DNA and migration patterns

A

who lived where and when they lived there

56
Q

are homo neanderthalensis equidistant from all modern human populations? what does this prove?

A

yes; proves the OOA (out of africa) theory

57
Q

benefit of paleogenetics

A

modern population can be genetically linked through ancient DNA

58
Q

are cultural modifications always intentional?

A

no

59
Q

what is the first thing forensic anthropologists look at?

A

if the material is bone!

60
Q

can forensic anthropologists determine ancestry?

A

no, they don’t determine anything, just estimate

61
Q

best determination for sex in the skeleton

A

pelvic girdle, most sexually dimorphic part of the body

62
Q

what causes the imprint of root growth on bone

A

root etching

63
Q

what allows humans to make a larger range of sounds

A

the larynx being lower in the throat

64
Q

can humans eat and breath at the same time?

A

no, but this gives us our language capabilities

65
Q

recent agricultural changes in the last 12,000 years

A
  • agriculture
  • sedentary societies
  • more food
  • industrialization
  • domesticated plants and animals
66
Q

what changes could be detected in the fossil record that would tell you a wild plant or animal species has become domesticated? and what about its genetic make up?

A
  • less variability
  • handleability
    and
  • increase in grain size
67
Q

detection of domestication in animals

A
  • There is a lowered age of sexual maturity.
  • Behavior becomes increasingly docile.
  • Larger litters/amount of offspring occurs
  • Changes in dominant color alleles are
    present
  • Changes in frequency and/or seasonality
    occur in reproductive timing
  • reduction in body size
68
Q

blood groups

A

ABO
MN
Rhesus
Diego
Duffy
Kell

69
Q

how do we identify blood groups?

A

antigen:antibody reaction = causes clumping of red blood cells

70
Q

antibodies and antigens definition

A

antibody - substances that react to other substances invading the body

antigen - substances that invade the body that stimulate the production of antibodies

71
Q

distribution of blood group ABO types

A

A - australia and NW Asia and North America
B - Asia
O - South America and North America

72
Q

hetero- vs homo-duplexes

A

hetero - fewer hydrogen bonds, less energy to break than apart
homo - more hydrogen bonds, more energy to break them apart

73
Q

melting point temperature in relation to species

A

Higher the more closely related species are, lower the more distant

74
Q

odontometrics

A

measurements of the size of teeth, made from casts of a persons upper and lower jaws

75
Q

dermatoglyphics

A

measurements of fingerprints and palmprints

76
Q

physiological measures

A

blood pressure
heart rate
blood cell counts
respiratory rate
etc.

77
Q

univariate vs. multivariate

A

uni - the analysis of human biological variation focusing on a single trait

mult - the analysis of human biological variation that considers the interrelationships of several traits simultaneously

78
Q

ways to find similarities between species

A

RFLP (restriction fragment length polymorphism)
SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism)
Length polymorphism
Direct sequencing
Comparative sequencing

79
Q

dr. merriwether is a _____ anthropologist

A

molecular

80
Q

what conditions are bad for aDNA?

A

heat, wet, acidic pH, and uv light

81
Q

what are problems unique to ancient DNA?

A

contamination

82
Q

forensic DNA sources

A

hairs
skin cells
teeth
tissue
anything that ever had DNA in it to start with!

83
Q

what can we do with aDNA?

A

individual identification (missing people)
relatedness
evolution
diet and disease
migrations and demography

84
Q

green vs. noonan papers

A

2 labs sequences from the same sample
- green reported 30% admixture w/ modern human while noonan reported none
later revealed that greenhad a contaminated lab

85
Q

Romanovs

A

Nine people were killed and robbed so their identities were not known, but aDNA testing revealed the identities, including some of royalty

86
Q

haplotype vs. haplogroup

A

type - collection of polymorphisms or markers linked on the same chromosome

group - collection of haplotypes that all share a number of polymorphisms in common

87
Q

what chromosome shows true movements of one’s ancestry and why?

A

X chromosome as history is mostly with women staying with their offspring, unlike the Y chromosome (as shown with Attila the Hun, 13 million men in Asia share his Y)

88
Q

what are 2 theories of how Native Americans got to America?

A

Coastal route and Ice-free corridor

89
Q

3 types of migratory waves

A

separate migratory events (lasting an indeterminate amount of time)

multiple migrations (from the same source population)

multiple migrations (from different sources)

90
Q

Bergmann’s rule

A

within a broadly distributed taxonomic clade:
1) populations and species of larger size are found in colder environments
2) species of smaller size are found in warmer regions

91
Q

Allen’s rule

A

body shapes and proportions of endotherms vary by climatic temperature:
1) by minimizing exposed surface area to minimize heat loss in cold climates
2) by maximizing exposed surface area to maximize heat loss in hot climates

92
Q

how do endotherms from hot and cold climates differ (according to Allen’s rule)?

A

hot: long and thin ears, limbs, tails, snouts, etc.

cold: short and thick limbs, ears, tails, snouts, etc.

93
Q

what group of people are greatly adapted?

A

the Tibetans, especially with oxygenation

94
Q

what is an adaptation that differ between men and women?

A

circulation
- women have colder extremities due to the biological
need to “protect the core”

95
Q

hypoxia and symptoms

A

altitude sickness

fatigue, dizziness, nausea/vomiting, poor circulation, etc.

96
Q

fission vs. fusion and examples

A

fission - reduce variation
- when an area gets too populated, very often some people will get together and leave to set up a new village

fusion - increase variation
- when a population gets too small due to outside pressures (illness, warfare), two groups will merge

97
Q

exogamy

A

the tendency to choose mates from outside the local population

exogamous marriages leads to gene flow between villages

98
Q

what marriage practice reduces Y chromosome variation?

A

polygyny (mult. wives per man)

99
Q

sources of mutations

A

gene flow and mutations that change with time

100
Q

what causes changes to variation

A

genetic drift
natural selection
demographic events

101
Q

hemoglobin

A

transports oxygen to body tissue

102
Q

connection with sickle cell, hemoglobin and malaria

A

mosquitos that carry malaria are more likely to favor people who have homozygous alleles for hemoglobin or sickle cell, but leave people who are heterozygous

103
Q

why is there an increase in mosquitoes in Africa when there used to be not a large population there?

A

human’s changed the climate in Africa, making it one mosquitos favor (more sun hitting the ground and changes in soil chemistry)

104
Q

aspects of having darker skin near the equator

A
  • blocks vitamin D poisoning
  • prevention against skin cancer
  • prevents sun-burn related illness
105
Q

aspects of having lighter skin at higher latitudes

A
  • allows enough UV to produce enough vitamin D from low UV radiation environment
  • prevents vitamin D deficiency
106
Q

problems with race

A

don’t know how many exist
said that average IQ scores do differ with “race” however this is a social construct and not accurate

107
Q

demography

A

the study of the size, composition, and distribution of human populations

108
Q

fertility

A

actual reproduction (the number of births per individual)

109
Q

one current area of research in Paleogenomics is what?

A

recreating mammoths

110
Q

one result of paleogenetic research has been what?

A

identifying founding lineages in Indigenous populations

111
Q

timeline of the genus Homo

A

habilis
erectus
archaic
floresiensis
neanderthalensis
sapiens

112
Q

fecundity

A

potential reproduction (the number of people capable of having children)

113
Q

industrial societies in relation to fertility and mortality

A

lower fertility and a reduction in mortality, providing a more rectangular shape (mostly young adults)

114
Q

developing nations population age

A

triangular shaped pyramid, slightly pinched or thinned at the top and fat on the bottom (young population)

115
Q

demographic transition theory

A

populations become more economically developed leading to a reduction in death rates, leading to population growth, followed by a reduction in birth rates

116
Q

3 stages of the demographic transition theory

A

undeveloped areas w/ high fertility and mortality

rapidly developing regions w/ high fertility and low mortality

developed regions w/ low fertility and mortality

117
Q

epidemic disease

A

epidemic pattern has new cases that spread quickly

118
Q

secular change

A

change in the average pattern of growth or development in a population over several generations

119
Q

smallpox, polio and ebola are examples of

A

reemergence of infectious diseases

120
Q

HIV and SARS are examples of

A

emergent infectious disease

121
Q

short term response to a higher altitude

A

make more red blood cells to transport more oxygen

122
Q

irish potato famine

A

land didn’t farm well until potatoes arrived
caused more income for families, which lead to earlier marriage and growth in fertility/pop.
the potato blight happened, wiping out source of income and food, wiping out 1 mil people

outcome: caused a great emigration from Ireland all over the world, and caused culture to revert to later marriage and less fertility

123
Q

US population pyramid

A

large population in middle age, smaller in older and younger ages
looks like a vase

124
Q

blue baby in relation to blood groups and how can it be prevented

A

when the mother makes antibodies towards baby’s blood during birth, resulting in an un-oxygenated baby / “blue baby”

can be prevented by medicine that turns off immune system during birth

Bio Anthropology 168 (3 decks)

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