Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Bio Anthropology 168 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

anthropology

A

the study of human cultural and biological variation and evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

culture

A

learned behavior including social systems, economic systems, marriage customs, religion and philosophy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

biocultural approach

A

studying humans in terms of the interaction between biology and culture in evolutionary adaptation (ex. Bio – sweating, cultural – clothing)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

variation

A

difference between individuals, populations, or species

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

comparative approach

A

comparing human populations to determine common and unique behaviors or biological traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

evolution

A

the change in living organisms over generations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

adaptation

A

the process of successful interaction between a population and an environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

holism

A

the idea that the parts of a system interconnect and interact to make up the whole, takes into account all aspects of existence to understand human variation and evolution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

participant-observation fieldwork

A

method common in cultural anthropology that involves living with, observing and participating in the same activities as the people one studies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Main anthropology approaches

A

Holism, Comparison, Dynamism, Fieldwork

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Carolus Linnaeus (1707-1778)

A

evolution theory, first taxonomy into meaningful groups. Developed genus and species terminology, based on characteristics in a hierarchical system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Georges Cuvier (1769-1832)

A

used presence of extinct fossil remains in quarries to argue for catastrophism (a great catastrophe)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

A

thought acquired characteristics were passed on to offspring (not true)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Industrial melanism example

A

peppered moths in industrial England, dark and light due to the environment to blend in. Frequencies of each kind of moth changed dramatically in the presence of absence of pollution due to soot changing color of tree

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Scopes Trial

A

“monkey” trial in 1925, trial of teacher who taught evolution to a class in Dayton, Tennessee; first trial to openly discuss evolution in science vs. religion, lost trial but great impact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

“creation science”

A

(evolution based on religion and God): is not a science and fails all objective tests of the scientific method, it is falsifiable and has been repeatedly falsified

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

5 subdisciplines of Anthropology

A

Cultural
Archaeology (prehistorical and historical)
Linguistic
Biological
Applied Anthropology (sometimes left out)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Major subfields of bio anthro

A

Primatology
Paleoanthropology
Molecular Anthropology
Bioarcheology
Forensic Anthro
Human Biology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Osteology

A

study of bones, learn how to describe and identify

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Microscopy

A

tools that look at the details of bones and why they have certain marks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

phylogeny

A

evolutionary history

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

key components of scientific method

A

o Exploration
o Discovery
o Observations
o Hypothesis
o Predictions
o Test
o Hypothesis supported or rejected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

science consists of

A

facts, hypotheses and theories

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

facts

A

verifiable truths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

monogenism vs. polygenism

A

mono - all people share a common single origin
poly - different people have different origins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

gene

A

stretch of DNA that codes for a protein (all traits are caused by proteins)
we have ~15,000 but make ~100,000 proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what shapes different proteins?

A

amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

introns vs. exons

A

in - non-coding parts of DNA
ex - coding parts of DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes

A

pro - don’t have internal compartments for organelles or nucleus, don’t have introns
eu - have nucleus, internal organelles and introns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

why can prokaryotes replicate so fast?

A

because they don’t have introns so quick replication and only one protein per gene

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

mendelian genetics

A

simple genetic traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

DNA

A

deoxyribonucleic acid
double stranded
A-T, G-C
organized in chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Chromosomes

A

made of condensed DNA wrapped around histones (DNA wrapped around proteins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

how many chromosomes in body cells and sex cells?

A

body - 46 (23 pairs)
sex - 23 (23 single)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

diploid vs. haploid

A

Hap - sex chromosomes
dip - all other chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

genomes

A

complete compliment of genetic material from an individual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

RNA

A

ribonucleic acid
single stranded
involved in protein synthesis
T is replaced with U

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

genes

A

DNA is grouped into patterns which code for proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

regulatory vs. homeobox genes

A

regulatory - genes that control when other genes turn on and off and what they express
home - special class of regulatory genes that regulate embryonic development (segmentation, etc.), only produce something once or twice (eyes, ears, fingers, etc. (sometimes cancer can turn this on again for nasty tumors)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

3 phases of cell cycle

A

interphase
mitosis
cytokinesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

cytokinesis

A

final splitting into two daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Mitosis

A

prophase - chromosomes shorten and thicken
metaphase - chromosomes align on the equator
anaphase - chromosomes pulled to opposite poles
telophase - membranes reform and begin to deal off
ending with 2 daughter cells, each with 46 single-stranded chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

interphase

A

G1 - grow cell
S - duplicate chromosomes
G2 - grow more
cells spend 18-24 hrs in this phase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

what happens when a cell escapes its cycle?

A

can become cancerous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

what phase does replication happen in?

A

interphase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

meiosis I

A

identical to mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

meiosis II

A

reduction to haploid
identical to mitosis as well, just different as the product ends with 4 daughter cells, each with 23 single stranded chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

crossing over/recombination

A

exchange of genetic material between homologous (sister) chromosomes
occurs during mitosis and meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

germ line vs. somatic mutations

A

germ - passed on to the next generation through the sperm or eggs
somatic - occurs in somatic/non-reproductive cells, won’t be passed onto offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

point mutation

A

affecting a single nucleotide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

substitution

A

replacement of one nucleotide by another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

purines (pur)

A

A and G

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Pyrimidines (pyr)

A

C, U, T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

transitions vs. transversions

A

transitions - pur-pur or pyr-pyr
transversions - pyr-pur or pur-pyr

55
Q

synonymous/silent mutations

A

causes no change in the amino acid

56
Q

missense mutations

A

changes the codon and the amino acid to a different amino acid

57
Q

nonsense mutations

A

changes codon to stop codon

58
Q

wobble base

A

third position in the codon, if changed will still most likely code for the same a.a.

59
Q

transcription

A

the process of making mRNA from DNA

60
Q

translation

A

the process of making/assembling a.a. into proteins from mRNA

61
Q

replication

A

the process of duplication DNA strands prior to cell division

62
Q

frame-shift mutation

A

insertion or deletion that changes the reading frame of DNA sequence

63
Q

trisomy vs. monosomy

A

trisomy - 3 chromosomes instead of 2 (trisomy 21 is down syndrome)
monosomy - 1 chromosome instead of 2 (monosomy of X is turners syndrome)

64
Q

polymorphic vs. monomorphic

A

poly - more than one allele at a locus
mono - only one allele at a locus

65
Q

phenotype vs. genotype

A

pheno - physical characteristics
geno - genetic code

66
Q

homozygous vs. heterozygous

A

homo - two of the same alleles in a genotype
hetero - two different alleles in a genotype

67
Q

incomplete dominance

A

when the heterozygote has an intermediate phenotype between the two homozygotes (ex. ww/white when crossed with WW/red makes Ww/pink)

68
Q

who investigated incomplete dominance/independent genes?

A

Mendel

69
Q

mendel’s law of segregation

A

at any locus, you have two alleles, a paternal chromosome and a maternal chromosome and it is selected randomly which one you will inherit

70
Q

mendel’s laws of inheritance

A

law of independent assortment - different loci (on different chromosomes) are transmitted independently of each other

71
Q

linkage

A

when two genes are close together on a chromosome, alleles of the two genes are usually transmitted together

72
Q

linkage disequilibrium vs. equilibrium

A

dis - two completely linked genes
equil - completely unlinked genes

73
Q

polygenic vs. pleiotrophy

A

poly - when many loci affect a single trait
plei - when one loci affects many traits

74
Q

heritability

A

the proportion of the total variation of a trait due to genetic variation

                    genetic variation Heritability =  ------------------------
       genetic var. + environmental var.
75
Q

dominant vs. recessive examples

A

sickle cell - rec
free hanging earlobes - dom
PTC taste - dom/don’t like foods
darwin’s tubercle - dom
hitchhiker’s thumb - rec
tongue rolling - dom

76
Q

what disease was Lincoln thought to have had?

A

Marfan syndrome

77
Q

pros and cons to studying humans

A

pro - records/histories, can describe symptoms
con - cannot control breeding, small families, long time to reproductive age and generation time

78
Q

autosomal dom traits

A

cannot skip generation
males and females affected =
every individual needs @ least 1 affected parent

79
Q

autosomal rec traits

A

can skip generation
males and females =

79
Q

X-linked dom traits

A

all affected males produce affected daughters
2x females than males affected
homo female transmits trait to all offspring

79
Q

X-linked rec traits

A

more males affected than females

79
Q

Y-linked traits

A

male to male only
cannot skip generation

79
Q

Mitocondrial transmission

A

only passed down by female, if mom is affected so will all offspring

79
Q

proband

A

the person that brought you into the pedigree. The reason you collected the pedigree. Often an affected individual.

79
Q

penetrance

A

The proportion of the time someone has the genotype associated with a phenotype. 100% means you are born with it and everyone with that genotype has that phenotype

80
Q

expressivity

A

for variable traits, how strongly is it expressed. ranges from undetectable to 100%

81
Q

evolution

A

small changes in DNA lead to changes in the proteins

82
Q

microevolution

A

changes of allele frequency in a pop from one gen to the next

83
Q

macroevolution

A

long term patterns of genetic change over thousands or millions of generations, includes species formation

84
Q

population genetics

A

the study of the total pattern genetic variation of biological pop

85
Q

breeding population

A

the proportion of a pop that chooses mates from within that group

86
Q

census population

A

the actual total pop, this # is always larger than the breeding pop due to:
children
uneven sex ratios
polygamy (same men : women)
polyandry (more men than women)
polygyny (more women than men)

87
Q

allele frequency

A

relative proportion of alleles within a pop

88
Q

genotype frequency

A

of individuals with each genotype divided by the total # of individuals in the population

89
Q

HWE

A

p^2 + 2pq + q^2 =1
p = dominant
q = recessive
AA = p^2
Aa = 2pq
aa = q^2

90
Q

Chi square test

A

______ (obs-exp)^2
x^2 = ——————
_______ exp
use graph, if p value is <0.05, HWE is invalid

91
Q

back mutation

A

mutations reintroducing alleles back into a pop after they are lost

92
Q

wild type allele

A

original, common, non-disease or “normal” version of gene

93
Q

fertility

A

the production of offspring

94
Q

fecundity

A

the ability to produce children

95
Q

morality

A

death or death rate

96
Q

balancing selection

A

selection for the heterozygote and against the homozygote

97
Q

stabilizing selection

A

selection against both extreme values in a continuous trait, leads to a decrease in genetic diversity
ex) babies shouldn’t be under or over weight

98
Q

directional selection

A

selection against one extreme in a continuous trait and or selection for the other extreme
ex) faster rabbits will survive and reproduce more than slower ones

99
Q

diversifying selection

A

selection for the extremes in a continuous trait and against the average traits
ex) finch beaks vary on food source (nuts=crooked, vegetation=thin, insects=thick)

100
Q

genetic drift

A

random change in allele frequency from one generation to the next
the bigger the pop size, the small effect of drift on allele frequencies

101
Q

increase variation affects

A

migration
mutation
diversifying selection

102
Q

decrease variation affects

A

most selection
genetic drift

103
Q

bottleneck

A

when a pop is greatly reduced in size (ex. due to pandemic, natural disaster, etc.)

104
Q

taxonomic categories

A

kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

105
Q

anagenesis (straight line evolution)

A

the transformation of a single species over time
ex) A becomes B, B becomes C, etc.

106
Q

paleospecies

A

species identified from the fossil record based on physical similarities and differences with other species along an evolutionary line, extinct species only identified by fossil record

107
Q

cladogenesis (branching evolution)

A

the formation of one or more species from another over time
ex) A becomes B but A is still around, B becomes C but B is still around, etc.

108
Q

clade

A

everything in a clade is more related to each other than anything outside the clade
ex) humans, chimpanzees and gorillas

109
Q

speciation

A

the origin of new species, happens through RIB
new species easier to arrive with a small pop due to genetic drift

110
Q

reproductive isolating barrier (RIBs)

A

the reduction or elimination of gene flow between parent and daughter species

111
Q

monophyletic

A

all members of the group are in one clade, and no non-members are within the clade (all descendants on a family tree are considered the same group)

112
Q

recognition species concept

A

the most inclusive pop of biparental organisms which share common fertilization system, see each other as possible mates

113
Q

phylogenetic species concept

A

a monophyletic clade can be trace back to a similar ancestor when compared to another group
phylogenetic tree!

114
Q

pre-zygotic barriers (before fertilization)

A

ecological/habitat isolation
temporal isolation (different mating times in the year or day)
ethological isolation (behavioral)
mechanical isolation (ex. chihuahua and great dane cannot mate)
gametic mortality/incompatibility (sperm doesn’t make it to the egg)

115
Q

post-zygotic barriers (after fertilization)

A

F1 inviability (reduced inviability)
F1 sterility (hybrids have reduced sterility)
Hybrid breakdown (backcross have one or more of the above, ex. donkeys and horses make mules but mules cannot mate with each other)

116
Q

how can new species form?

A

small pop where mutations and genetic drifts have larger effects

117
Q

how much change accompanies speciation/how can speciation take place?

A

lots of small differences
a single “macro” mutation
- punctuated equilibria (gaps in the fossil record)
- changes in genes or demographic events

118
Q

sudden speciation terms

A

polyploidization
chromosomal rearrangements
changes in mating system
translocations

119
Q

stratigraphy

A

the study of relationships
strata - layers of the earth

120
Q

adaptive radiation

A

the formation of many new species following the availability of new environments of the development of new adaption (ex. species after the astroid and honey creepers being washed away to Hawaii)

121
Q

gradualism

A

a slow steady accumulation of changes over time
predicts smooth transition in the fossil record from one species to another

122
Q

punctuated equilibrium

A

a model of macroevolutionary with no intermediate steps
predicts jagged fossil record with big changes, long periods of staying the same and then a big change

123
Q

misconceptions about evolution

A

-bigger doesn’t = better
-newer doesn’t = better
-natural selection doesn’t always work
-no inevitable direction of evolution
-no one perfect form!
-our brains have not gotten larger for a while
-natural selection doesn’t always produce perfect structures
-all structures are not adaptive
-current structures do not always reflect initial adaptations

124
Q

orthogenesis

A

a discredited idea that evolution would continue in a given direction because of some vaguely defined non-physical force until a perfect structure is formed

125
Q

polyploidization

A

hybridization between pops with differing chromosomal compositions

126
Q

chromosomal rearrangements

A

translocations, inversions, deletions, #’s

127
Q

changes in mating system

A

self-incompatibility, physical differences

128
Q

translocations

A

one chromosome breaking off and joining another chromosome

Bio Anthropology 168 (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions