Final exam Flashcards
- Non-insight problems can be..,
can broken down into small parts to solve
o Productive thinking
thinking based on the general principles that apply to the situation
o what is Structurally blind thinking
reproduce thinking appropriate for other situations but the one at hand
e.g., that is using the same stick and poking the hole over ang over again trying to get that food
How to get out of functional fixedness
think outside the box
determine all possible use of the objects
getting quality sleep is also essential - as it boosts the probability of reaching insight
How do you boost the effeciency of AI?
use a non-systematic approach like humans. use heuristics. basic choices or rule of thumbs.
How was BACON AI able to rediscover the laws of physics of planetary movements.
it used correlations and had the belief that correlations were meaningful.
note that it didn’t understand the laws.
Chat GPT, Bixby, Siri, recommendations engines or language translation programs are examples of ANI (Weak AI or Narrow AI). TRUE OR FALSE
explain why
TRUE
Issues for ANI
data availability (those AI needs high quality data),
algorithmic bias (shows bias when data is bias),
Explainability (it’s hard to understand how those AI make decisions especially on complex systems.)
Adaptability (they are designed to do specific tasks, but they may not be able to adapt in new environment / situations.).
AGI is trying to reach what?
the ability of a machine (AI) to do intellectual task like humans.
have general understanding of the world and able to reason across context
have self-awareness and consciousness
Issues related to AGI
How to measure intelligence (define it??).
How to make sure that AGI is aligned with human values (surviving)
How to model and simulate human cognition, emotions and consciousness.
How to let AGI systems to communicate with humans and other agents in a natural way.
How to balance the trade-offs b/w generality and efficiency, exploration and exploitation, and learning and reasoning.
How can AI be useful in the context of research?
teach us about the limitations and biases of human thinking like heuristics, fallacies, errors, and illusions
- AI can inspire new questions and hypotheses about the nature of intelligence itself like the role of evolution, culture, emotion, and consciousness.
- Zeigarnik effect
you remember better unfinished tasks vs finished tasks cuz you cleared it out of your mind.
How do you give a hint?
it must reponds to the difficulty that the person’s thinking is taking
if no insight is reached, that means the means the hint was irrelevant to the direction of their partipants’thoughts.
Explain progress monitoring theory in a few words
Reaching an impasse - leads to consider alternatives strategies which leads to an increase likelihood of finding the solution.
Explain representational change theory
Change the way you present the problem to ourself to be able to solve it.
Explain constraint relaxation and chunk decomposition and in which theory they are associated with.
Constraint relaxation : remove assumptions that are blocking the problem
Chunk decomposition: separating the problem into chunks.
It’s part of representational change theory.
Eye movements can predict insightful solutions, TRUE OR FALSE
true
How is the hippocampus involved in insight?
It might serves a role of preservation of information that might be useful later.
Einstellung effect is also known as ..
rigid set. - responding inflexibly to a specific type of problem
When under pressure to perform quickly, you tend to
lock in rigid set and perform inflexibly.
Principle of Parsimony
people use the simplest mental model possible – since it’s requiring less energy.
In syllogism, people are more likely to read _____ first. I they disagree, the will try to find flaws in the premises.
Conclusion
Motivated reasoning.
People evaluate information that is only consistent with our belief
- Ecological rationality
people usually make good decisions with heuristics. Especially when we can exploit the rational structure of the environment. -
Give an example of a strong but wrong routines
e.g, you always take the bus to go to school, but one day, you drive to go. There is a good chances that you might end up taking the bus and forget about your car.
people who xperience Einstellung effect is behaving in a ____ way
mindless.
What does Langer and Piper propose to prevent mindlesness
think in a tentative way rather than absolute.
also conditional understanding allows people to respond mindfully. (This could be a dog’s chew toy).
Problem space is
the representation of the problem
that includes the goal but also, the various ways of changing the situation into a solution
