Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Pharm 1 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Beneficence

A

Protect research subjects from harm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What 3 drugs to check peak and troughs

A

Gentamicin
Vanco
Anticonvulsants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Complete drug order (8)

A

Client name, medication name, dosage, route, frequency, reason, parameters if cardiac, provider signature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Type 1 DM vs type 2

A

Type 1: genetic, insulin dependent
Type 2: From diet, non-insulin dependent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Rapid acting insulin (clear or cloudy, names, label, onset, peak, duration)

A

Clear
Humalog (LISPRO)
Label: H
Onset: 5-15 min
Peak: 30 min-3 hours
Duration: 2-5 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Short acting insulin (clear or cloudy, names, label, onset, peak, duration)

A

Clear
Humulin R and Novolin R (REGULAR)
Onset: 30 min
Peak: 2-4 hours
Duration: 3-8 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Intermediate acting insulin (clear or cloudy, names, label, onset, peak, duration)

A

Cloudy
NPH: Isophane, humulin L and N
Label: L or N
Onset: 1-4 hours
Peak: 6-12 hours
Duration: 12-24 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Long acting insulin (clear or cloudy, names, label, onset, peak, duration)

A

Cloudy
Evening administration
Humulin U, glargine (LANTUS), detemir
Label: U
Onset: 6-10 hours, 1 hour, 3-4 hours
Peak: N/A, N/A, 6-8 hours (not pronounced)
Duration: up to 24 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Combination insulin (clear or cloudy, names, what to know, onset, peak, duration)

A

Cloudy
50/50, 70/30 (NPH/reg), 75-25
Longer acting first
Everything varies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Somatostatin (nutropin)

A

Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone
has identical amino acid sequence as human GH; contraindicated in clients who are severely obese or who have respiratory impairment d/t reported families

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How is GH given, fun facts, what can prolonged administration cause

A

Not orally, destroys GI enzymes
SQ or IM
Very expensive
Prolonged administration can cause diabetes mellitus bc it antagonizes insulin secretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Somatrem (protropin)

A

used to treat growth failure due to pituitary GH deficiency. Has identical AA sequence as human GH plus an additional amino acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Octreotide (Sandostatin)

A

Suppresses GH release
Used alone, with radiation, or surgery
Expensive
GI side effects are common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What does posterior pituitary gland secrete

A

ADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Diabetes insipidus

A

ADH deficiency leading to large amounts of water being excreted by kidneys
Severe fluid deficit and electrolyte imbalances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

ADH replacements (2)

A

Vasopressin and desmopressin acetate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does anterior pituitary release (2)

A

TSH because of TRH from hypothalamus
and ACTH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Graves disease

A

Too much T3 and T4 (hyperthyroidism)
Rapid pulse, palpitations, excessive perspiration, heat intolerance, nervousness, irritability, exophthalmos, and weight loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Thyroid storm

A

Severe hyperthyroidism
Death from vascular collapse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What do parathyroid glands release

A

PTH which regulates calcium in blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Calcitonin

A

Increases Ca

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is secreted by adrenal glands

A

Cortisol in response to HPA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What do corticosteroids do (electrolytes)

A

Promote Na+ retention and K+ excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Addison’s disease

A

Decrease in corticoid secretion (adrenal hyposecretion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Cushing’s syndrome

A

Increase in corticoid secretion (adrenal hypersecretion)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What can glucocorticoids cause

A

Na+ absorption from the kidney, resulting in water retention, K+ loss, and increased BP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

3 effects of cortisol

A

Anti-inflammatory
Antiallergic
Antistress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What drug might organ transplant recipients have

A

Prednisone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Prednisone side effects

A

Increase blood sugar, moon face and buffalo hump, decreased extremity size, muscle wasting, edema, sodium and water retention, HTN, euphoria, psychosis, thinned skin with purpura, increased ocular pressure, peptic ulcers, and growth retardation
Long term use: adrenal atrophy
Should be tapered off!!
Abrupt withdrawal can cause severe adrenocortical insufficiency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What does a severe decrease in mineralocorticoid aldosterone lead to

A

Hypotension and vascular collapse, as seen in Addison’s disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

S&S of hyperglycemia

A

3 Ps
Dehydration*
Glycosuria
Lipolysis, ketosis, acidosis
Itchy skin
Irritability, confusion*
Fatigue, lethargy, coma
Fruity breath*
Kussmaul breathing*

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

S&S of hypoglycemia

A

Polyphagia, tingling of lips and tongue
Anxiety, irritability, mood changes, *confusion
Headache
*Dizziness, lightheadedness
Tachycardia, tachypnea
*Shaking, tremors
Sweating, *cool clammy skin (cool and clammy, give them candy)
*Blurred vision
Weakness, fatigue
*Slurring of speech
*Seizures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Blood glucose in DM

A

> 200 mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Type I DM causes (3)

A

Viral infections
Environmental conditions
Genetic factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Type II DM causes (2)

A

heredity
Obesity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Insulin dependence in type 2 DM

A

Clients who use 1-2 antidiabetic drugs may become insulin dependent years later

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Hemoglobin A1C levels

A

<5% no DM
5.7-6.4% prediabetic
>6.5% DM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

3 drugs that increase blood glucose

A

Glucocorticoids (-isone)
Thiazide diuretics
Epinephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Insulin vs oral hypoglycemic (antidiabetic)

A

Insulin:
-A protein secreted from beta cells in pancreas
-Necessary for carb metabolism
-Important in protein and fat metabolism
Oral hypoglycemic:
-Synthetic preparations that stimulate insulin release

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

where is insulin released from

A

Beta cells in islets of langerhans in pancreas when sugar goes up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Humulin insulin

A

R and N
duplicates insulin produced by the pancreas of the human body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Humulin insulin analogs

A

modifications of humulin insulin with alterations (humalog and novolog)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

How is insulin admimistered

A

Not PO bc GI secretions would destroy it
SC
Best in the abdomen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

When to give rapid acting insulin

A

No more than 5 minutes before meal time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

When to give short acting insulin

A

30 minutes before meal time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What can cause insulin resistance besides taking it a lot

A

Obesity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

How to store insulin

A

No freezing, direct sun, high temps
Unopened vials refrigerated
Opened vials in room temp for a month or fridge for 3 months
Prefilled should be refrigerated and used in 1-2 weeks

48
Q

RISS

A

a preset scale which provides directions for the administration of rapid or short acting insulin

49
Q

Insulin pen pros and cons

A

More accurate and easy compliance but more expensive

50
Q

Implantable insulin pumps

A

Surgically implanted in the abdomen
Delivers basal insulin infusions and bolus doses with meals
Fewer hypoglycemia reactions occur
Blood glucose levels are well controlled

51
Q

Portable insulin pump

A

Battery operated device
Regular insulin, infusion
FBS as close to normal as possible
Delivers both basal insulin infusion and bolus doses with meals. Infusions are programmed by the client

52
Q

Important about pump

A

Do not DC for >1-2 hours
Type I benefits more
Regular insulin only

53
Q

DKA

A

Inadequate insulin, fat catabolism (using fatty acids for energy)
Extreme thirst
Polyuria
Fruity breath
Kussmaul breathing
Rapid, thready pulse
Dry mucous membranes, poor skin turgor
Blood sugar level 250 mg/dL or >

54
Q

What type of insulin can be administered IV

A

Regular

55
Q

When should insulin doses not be held and why

A

During illness because high cortisol

56
Q

When are oral hypoglycemics used

A

Type II DM

57
Q

What does metformin do (bad)

A

Builds up, renal failure

58
Q

Flagyl reaction

A

ETOH-disulfiram like

59
Q

IV insulin for who?

A

Not type I

60
Q

Med for weight loss

A

Trulicity

61
Q

Sulfonyureas

A

1st and 2nd gen
First: Stimulates pancreatic beta cells to secrete more insulin (short, intermediate, and long)
Second: Increases tissue response to insulin and decreases glucose production
ASSOCIATED W WEIGHT GAIN AND HYPOGLYCEMIA

62
Q

Second gen sulfonylureas compared to first

A

Greater potency than 1st
Lower effective doses
Longer duration
Fewer side effects
Less displacement potential of protein bonding sites
Don’t use in liver or kidney dysfunction
Hypoglycemia common in older adults

63
Q

Euglycemics

A

Bring sugar to normal (should not cause hypoglycemia)

64
Q

Biguanides

A

Decreases glucose release from liver, intestinal absorption of glucose, and improves insulin sensitivity

65
Q

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

A

Starch blockers- delay digestion and absorption of carbs
Inhibit digestive enzyme in small intestine responsible for release of glucose from complex carbs in the diet

66
Q

Thiazolidinediones (glitazones or TZDs)

A

Decrease insulin resistance in the body (muscle and fat tissues)

67
Q

GLP-1 analogs

A

increase insulin secretion, reduce glucose release from liver after meals, delay food emptying from stomach and promote satiety (fullness)

68
Q

DPP-4 inhibitors

A

Increase insulin secretion, reduce glucose release from liver after meals

69
Q

SGLT2 inhibitors

A

increase glucose excretion in the urine

70
Q

Metformin

A

Decreases hepatic production of glucose from stored glycogen
Diminishes increase in serum glucose following a meal
Decreases the absorption of glucose from the small intestine
Increases insulin receptor sensitivity
Increases peripheral glucose uptake at the cellular level

71
Q

Metformin SE

A

GI symptoms (diarrhea, nausea, upset stomach, metallic taste), lactic acidosis, take with meals (ER with evening meal)
Cannot use if liver or kidney problems, take a drug to treat heart failure, or drink alcohol excessively

72
Q

SE and how to take alpha-glucosidase inhibitors

A

SE: Flatulence
Take with first bite of meal
Start with low dose and slowly–to minimize GI intolerance
Does not cause hypoglycemia

73
Q

Meglitinides (action, SE/AR, contra)

A

Action:
-Stimulate beta cells to release insulin
-Short-acting
Side effects/adverse reactions
-Hypoglycemia
-Headache, back pain, diarrhea
-Elevated hepatic enzymes
Contraindicated
-Liver dysfunction

74
Q

Incretin modifiers

A

Increase level of incretin hormones
Increase insulin secretion
Decrease glucagon secretion to reduce glucose production
adjunct treatment with exercise and diet to reduce fasting and postprandial (after meal) glucose levels

75
Q

glucagon-like peptide agents

A

Enhance insulin secretion
Increase beta-cell responsiveness
Suppress glucagon secretion
Slow gastric emptying
Reduce food intake

76
Q

SE/AR of GLPs

A

HA, dizziness, jitteriness
GI distress
NOT for diabetic pts

77
Q

GLP-1 analogs and 2 important

A

Liraglutide and dulaglutide (-glutide)
Teach proper needle care and storage
Not covered by all insurance

78
Q

Levothyroxine sodium routes, half life, excretion

A

PO and IV
6-7 days
In bile and feces

79
Q

Calcitriol route, distribution, half life, excretion

A

PO
crosses the placenta
3-8 hours
In feces

80
Q

Glipizide route, absorbed where, half life, metabolism

A

PO
GI tract
2-4 hours
In the urine

81
Q

Levothyroxine sodium (use, preg cat, contra, caution)

A

Treats hypothyroidism, myxedema, and cretinism
A
Contra: Thyrotoxicosis, MI, severe renal disease
Caution: CVD, HTN, angina

82
Q

Levothyroxine sodium (SE, AR, life threatening, drug food)

A

SE: HA, N/V/D, cramps, tremors, nervousness, insomnia, weight loss
AR: tachy, HTN, palpitations
LT: thyroid crisis, angina, dysrhythmias, CV collapse
Drug food: Increases effects of anticoagulants, tricyclic antidepressants, vasopressors
Decreased effects of antidiabetics (oral and insulin), digitalis products

83
Q

Calcitrol (use, preg cat, contra, caution)

A

Treats hypoparathyroidism and manage hypocalcemia in chronic renal failure
C
Contra: Hypersensitivity, hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypervitaminosis D, malabsorption syndrome
Caution: CVD, renal calculi

84
Q

Calcitriol SE, AR, drug food

A

SE: A/N/V/D, cramps, drowsiness, H/A, dizziness, lethargy, photophobia
AR: Hypercalciuria, hyperphosphatemia, hematuria
Drug food: Increased cardiac dysrhythmias with digoxin, verapamil, increased serum calcium with thiazide diuretics, calcium supplements

85
Q

Prednisone (use, preg cat, contra, caution)

A

Decreases inflammatory occurrences; as an immunosuppressant, to tc dermatologic disorder
C
Contra: Hypersensitivity, psychosis, fungal infection
Caution: DM

86
Q

Prednisone SE, AR, life threatening, and drug food

A

SE: N/D, H/A, abdominal distension, increased appetite, sweating, depression, flush mood changes
AR: Petechiae, ecchymosis, HTN, tachy, osteoporosis, muscle wasting
Life threatening: GI hemorrhage, pancreatitis, circulatory collapse, thrombophlebitis, embolism
Drug food: Increased effect with estrogen, diltiazem, ketoconazole
Concurrent use of ASA and NSAIDS increase GI toxicity, concurrent use with cardiac glycosides increases risk of dysrhythmias and digoxin toxicity

87
Q

Glipizide (use, preg cat, contra)

A

Directly stimulate beta cells to secrete insulin; thus decreasing the blood glucose level
C
Diabetic ketoacidosis, hepatic or renal dysfunction, older adults, adrenal or pituitary insufficiency

88
Q

Metformin (use, preg cat, contra, caution)

A

Hypoglycemic med
B
Concurrent infection, hepatic or renal dysfunction, cardiopulmonary insufficiency, ETOH
Caution: Pregnancy, lactation

89
Q

Glipizide (SE, AR, LT, drug food)

A

SE: Dizziness, fatigue, H/A, A/N/V/D, agitation, bitter or metallic taste
AR: Lactic acidosis, malabsorption of AAs, Vt B12, and folic acid
LT: lactic acidosis
drug food: Iodinated contrast dyes may lead to lactic acidosis or acute renal failure. Altered LFTs

90
Q

SE of GLP-1 analogs

A

HA, N/D, hypoglycemia when used with insulin secretagogues
rare pancreatitis
Not for medullary thyroid cancer (good for heart dx)

91
Q

Actions of GLP-1

A

Enhance insulin secretion
Increase beta-cell responsiveness
Suppress glucagon secretion
Slow gastric emptying
Reduce food intake

92
Q

Amylin analogues

A

TYPE 1 AND 2
Lowers blood sugar
NOT insulin but can reduce amt u need
Children or older ppl bc they dk hypoglycemia

93
Q

Action of amylin analogues

A

Suppress glucagon secretion
Slow gastric emptying
Modulate appetite by inducing satiety
This drug works by slowing the movement of food through your stomach. It also decreases your appetite and the amount of sugar your liver makes

94
Q

Glucagon

A

Hyperglycemic drug
Stimulates glycogenolysis
Provides nutrients and energy
parenteral
Treats insulin-induced hypoglycemia

95
Q

Diazoxide

A

Treats hypoglycemia caused by hyperinsulinism
Inhibits insulin release and stimulates release of epi from adrenal medulla

96
Q

Methylprednisolone comes in what?

A

z pack

97
Q

Uses for prednisone

A

Trauma, surgery, emotional upset, anxiety, shock
Inflammation, ulcerative colitis, glomerulonephritis
Autoimmune disorders, drug reactions, anaphylaxis
Asthma, prevent organ rejection (they are on long term steroids)

98
Q

bad effects of prednisone

A

Headache, flushing, euphoria, depression, psychosis
Increases appetite, sweating, thin skin with purpura
Tachycardia, HTN, hyperglycemia
Edema, sodium, and water retention, adrenal atrophy
Give diuretics but also watch K+ and others
Abnormal fat deposits, muscle wasting
Glaucoma, peptic ulcers, growth retardation

99
Q

Fludrocortisone (oral mineralocorticoid)

A

Promotes sodium retention and H+ ion and K+ secretion
For adrenocortical insufficiency

100
Q

SE of fludocortisone

A

Negative nitrogen balance, fluid imbalance, fluid overload, HTN, hypokalemia, GI distress
Watch cardiac patients for HTN, adventitious lung sounds, fast, shallow respirations, bounding pulse, etc.

101
Q

Astragalus (2)

A

Boost immune system
Limits cold and flu symptoms

102
Q

Chamomile (2)

A

Relief of anxiety, sleeplessness, digestive complaints, skin conditions, and oral ulcers
SE: allergic reactions

103
Q

Cinnamon (3)

A

Used to treat bronchitis, GI problems, anorexia, diabetes
Generally safe without allergic reactions
May decrease blood clotting

104
Q

Echinacea (2)

A

Used for colds, flu, infections
Stimulates immune system

105
Q

Garlic (2)

A

Used for hypercholesterolemia, HTN, heart disease, preventing stomach and colon cancer
Side effects may include heartburn, upset stomach, body odor, decreased blood clotting

106
Q

Ginger (2)

A

Used for nausea, motion sickness, diarrhea, relieves pain, swelling, arthritic stiffness
Side effects may include gas, bloating, heartburn, nausea

107
Q

Ginkgo biloba (4)

A

Used for asthma, bronchitis, fatigue, tinnitus
Used to improve memory, decrease intermittent claudication
Treats sexual dysfunction, MS
Side effects include headache, dizziness, nausea, GI upset, increased bleeding, allergic reactions

108
Q

Ginseng (3)

A

Improves well-being, stamina, and immune system
Treats erectile dysfunction, hepatitis C, menopausal symptoms, lowers glucose and BP
Side effects include headaches, GI distress, HTN, hypoglycemia, breast tenderness, menstrual irregularities

109
Q

Hawthorn (2)

A

Used for heart disease, digestive issues, kidney disease
Side effects include headache, dizziness, nausea

110
Q

Licorice (2)

A

Used for bronchitis, sore throat, stomach ulcers, viral hepatitis
High doses can lead to salt and water retention, HTN, low potassium (not given to pts with existing cardiac problems)

111
Q

Kava Kava (3)

A

Used for relaxation and anxiety
Adverse effects include liver damage; dry, scaly, yellowing skin; eye irritation, heart problems
Alcoholic sclerosis and liver patients are not given this

112
Q

Milk thistle (2)

A

Used for hypercholesterolemia, insulin resistance, chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, gallbladder disorders
Side effects include upset stomach, hypoglycemia, allergic reactions

113
Q

Peppermint (2)

A

Used for hypercholesterolemia, insulin resistance, chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, gallbladder disorders
Side effects include upset stomach, hypoglycemia, allergic reactions

114
Q

Saw palmetto (2)

A

Used for urinary symptoms, chronic pelvic pain, decreased libido, migraines, hair loss
Side effects include digestive problems, headache

115
Q

St. John’s wort (3)

A

Used for mental disorders, nerve pain, sleep disorders, malaria, wounds
Side effects include anxiety, dry mouth, dizziness, headache, fatigue, sensitivity to sunlight, GI problems, sexual dysfunction
Interacts with antipsychotic medications and cardiac drugs

116
Q

Turmeric (2)

A

Used for heartburn, stomach ulcers, gallstones, inflammation, cancer
High doses may cause nausea, diarrhea

117
Q

Valerian (2)

A

Used for anxiety, headache, insomnia, tremors, depression, irregular heartbeat, side effects include headache, dizziness, fatigue, stomach upset
Cardiac patients shouldn’t use

Pharm 1 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions