Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pharm 1 > Exam 1 > Flashcards

Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Controlled Substance Act

A

1970
Designed to fix drug abuse by:
-Promoting drug education and research
-Strengthening the enforcement authority
-Establishment of treatment and rehab facilities
-Designation of categories of controlled substances according to abuse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Food and drug administration modernization act

A

1997
Regulated foods, drugs, devices, and biological products

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

HIPAA

A

Protects patient information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

First federal pure foods and drugs act

A

1906
-Protected the public from adulterated or mislabeled drugs
-Required companies to label dangerous and possibly addicting drugs
-Established FDA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Shirley amendment

A

1912
-Prohibited false therapeutic claims
Teething syrup contained morphine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Durham humphrey amendment

A

1951
-you need a prescription for legend drugs
-needs to be refilled with physician authorization
-doctors can call pharmacy telling them to refill, but not all pharmacies allow this
-You don’t need a prescription for OTC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

C-I, C-II, C-III, C-IV, C-V

A

C-I: high abuse potential, severe dependence, no accepted medical use; restricted to research
C-II: high abuse potential, severe dependence, requires specific type of rx, phone orders not accepted, refills require new rx
C-III: Moderate potential and dependence, written or phone rx allowed. May be refilled 5 times within 6 months from date of issuance
C-IV: Low abuse potential, limited dependence, same as C-III
C-V: Limited abuse potential, lowest dependence, OTC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Medications for pregnancy (categories A, B, C, D, X)

A

A: Well-controlled studies show no fetal risk
B: No well controlled studies on humans; animal studies show no fetal risk
C: No well control studies on humans; animal studies show adverse effect on fetus
D: Evidence of human risk to the fetus exists; benefits outweigh risks in certain studies
X: Controlled studies in animals or humans demonstrate fetal abnormalities; not worth it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Protein binding

A

When drugs are distributed in the plasma, many bind with plasma proteins
bound part of drug is inactive because it can’t interact with tissue receptors (think of a locked up student, can’t leave and study)
free drug does stuff
when free drug decreases, bound drug leaves to have balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Bioavailability

A

How much drug gets used by the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Study designs (Open label, single, double, triple blind)

A

Open label: everyone knows
Single blind: participants dont know
double blind: HCP and participants dont know
Triple blind: HCP and collects data and doesnt know, removing biases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

DAW

A

Can’t substitute for generic drug

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Dietary supplement health and education act

A

1994
All labels must contain:
-name of supplement
-amount
-nutrition labeling
-ingredient list
-name and place of manufacturer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

1992 (related to CAMS)
what was developed to support studies of CAMS

A

office of alternative medicine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Can CAMS be patented?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

When not to take CAMS?

A

If pregnant, taking rx meds, not for infants

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

ADME

A

absorption
distribution
metabolism
excretion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Absorption

A

Drugs dissolve better in acid
enteric coated drugs r better in alkaline small intestine (aspirin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Passive transport

A

Diffusion (high to low), no energy required
You want to PASS your test so your LOW CONCENTRATION brain sleeps on a HIGH CONCENTRATION textbook (HIGH TO LOW) and it doesnt take energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Active transport

A

Requires a carrier, like an enzyme or a protein to move the drug along the concentration gradient. Energy required to be ACTIVE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Lipid soluble drugs pass rapidly or slowly?

A

Rapidly through the GI membrane bc it’s made of lipid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Water soluble drugs

A

Need a carrier, enzyme or protein, to pass membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Between ionized and nonionized, what passes faster?

A

Nonionized. Even larger particles pass quicker if they are nonionized

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Are IM drugs absorbed faster in deltoid or gluteals?

A

deltoid bc more blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
IO, IM, IV, and SC, fast to slow?
IV and IO, IM, SC
26
First pass effect
Some drugs don't go directly into circulation. Some pass intestinal lumen to get to the liver via the portal vein
27
Metabolism in the liver
Some drugs get turned inactive and excreted, some are metabolized into metabolite, an equal or stronger form of the drug
28
How much more should oral dose be compared to IV
3-5x more
29
What factors effect bioavailability (there are 5)
Drug form route GI mucosa and motility presence of food and other drugs changes in liver's metabolism or inadequate hepatic blood flow
30
If the liver metabolizes a certain drug but the liver isn't working, what happens to the drug?
More bioavailability
31
rapid vs slow absorption
Rapid: increases bioavailability, may be toxic Slow: limits bioavailability, decrease in drug serum concentration
32
Protein binding
Some part of the drug binds with proteins and can't interact with receptors, making them useless. Free drug helps. Once the body starts running out of free drug, bound drugs break free and become useful
33
how do low plasma protein levels affect protein binding?
low plasma protein levels=fewer proteins to bind with=more free drug=toxicity
34
BBB
Blood brain barrier Protects the brain from foreign substances Endothelial lining
35
Risk of drug crossing the placenta
First trimester: risk of spontaneous abortion Second: risk of spontaneous abortion, teratogenesis, or subtler defects Third: altered growth and dev
36
Metabolism
How the body chemically changes drugs into a form that can be excreted
37
Where can drugs be metabolized? (and where is primary site?)
Liver (primary) and GI tract
38
Metabolism of drugs in the liver
Inactivated by liver enzyme (CYP450) and converted by hepatic enzymes to inactive metabolites or water soluble substances
39
in ADME, which two effect half life?
metabolism and excretion
40
Steady state
Drug administered=drug being eliminated
41
Loading dose
Large initial dose, used when half life is too long to wait for After this, a daily order is prescribed, less than loading dose
42
What is the main route of elimination
The kidneys (urine)
43
Routes of elimination (not the main one), there are 6
Bile, feces, lungs, saliva, sweat, and breast milk
44
What kind of drugs can the kidneys filter?
Free, unbound drugs, unchanged, water soluble (NOT PROTEIN SOLUBLE)
45
What do creatinine clearance and BUN test?
Renal function
46
What is creatinine
A metabolic by-product of muscle that is excreted by the kidneys
47
CLcr
Compares the level of creatinine in the urine with amount in the blood varies with age and gender (lower values in women and older ppl bc less muscle mass) Decrease in renal function=increase in serum creatinine level and decrease in urine CLcr Normal is 85-135mL/min
48
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
A metabolic breakdown product of protein metabolism
49
Affinity
The amount or attraction between med and site
50
Dose-response relationship
The body's physiological response to changes in drug concentration at a site of action
51
Therapeutic range
Between MEC and minimum toxic concentration
52
therapeutic index
Margin of safety of a drug (divide minimum toxic concentration by MEC, close to 1 is bad)
53
peak and trough levels are requested when?
When the TI is very narrow. If peak and trough levels are too high, toxicity can occur. If trough is too low, no therapeutic effect
54
Peak
Blood sample should be taken Indicates drug's rate of absorption Average peak is 2-3 hours if oral 2-4 hours if IM 30-60 min if IV
55
Trough
Blood sample should be taken right before next dose Indicates drug's rate of eliminiation
56
Receptor theory
Drugs act by binding to receptors. this may activate/inactivate a receptor, or produce a response The better the drug fits the receptor, the more active the drug is (lock and key)
57
Four receptor families
Cell membrane-imbedded enzymes Ligand-gated ion channels G protein- coupled receptor systems Transcription factors
58
Agonist
Drugs that activate receptors and produce a desired response
59
Antagonist
Drugs that prevent receptor activation and block a response
60
Additive effect
2 or more like drugs combined to enhance effect
61
Synergistic effect
2 or more unlike drugs combine for a greater (poor) effect
62
Potentiation
2 drugs combined and only one enhanced
63
Antagonistic effect
one drug cancels out another (drug and antidote)
64
Enzyme induction
One med will speed up metabolism of another, making it less effective
65
Enzyme inhibition
One med inhibits hepatic enzymes, increasing levels of the other med
66
Considerations in toddlers
Be firm, use imagination, and simple explanation
67
Considerations in school age children
May be scared of body injury, permit some control, involvement and education
68
Considerations in older school age people
fear of pain, changes in body image, and injury. Establish a positive relationship, privacy, and collaboration
69
Wong's principle of atraumatic care
Minimize distress to patient and family
70
What age group uses an oral syringe
Children under 6
71
absorption in geriatrics
GI changes, swallowing difficulties, poor nutrition, feedig tubes
72
distribution in geriatrics
decline in muscle, increase in fat. Lipid soluble drugs can be stored longer with prolonged action. Reduced albumin, decreased protein binding=increase in free drug (toxicity)
73
Metabolism in geriatrics
decreased hepatic blood flow and enzyme activity. Prolonged half life
74
excretion in geriatrics
renal function decreases, prolonged half life=increased drug levels
75
Pharmacodynamics in geriatrics
Effects most seen in cardiovascular system and CNS Reduction in receptors Reduced blood flow to brain, more permeable BBB
76
SC
Slower than IM because no blood flow, just fat Insulin, heparin, lovenox, arixtra, epi, growth hormones 1ml max
77
SC sites (5)
Outer upper arm, abdomen 2 in away from belly button, upper anterior thighs, upper back, upper ventral gluteal area
78
SC needle and syringe
0.5ml-2ml syringe needle gauge 25-30 needle size 1/2-5/8" short needle at 90 degrees, long at 45 pinch skin light pressure, no rub, press, or massage
79
Insulin needle and syringe
In units U-30 or 50 but usually 100 Total volume 0.5 or 1ml usually has small, short needle
80
IM
Injected in muscle Begins in 5 min, peaks at 30-60 systemic and faster than SC irritating bc deeper 1ml max for small muscle, 3ml for big Pressure or massage after
81
IM sites (4)
ventrogluteal (3ml and good for ztrak), deltoid (1ml and not for kids), vastus lateralis (3ml and for infants under 12), rectus femoris NOT dorsal gluteal bc of sciatic nerve damage
82
Ztrak
Pull skin back, inject and let go seals everything in
83
Tuberculin
max 1ml Short, small gauge needle Large gauge=thin needle Needle is 1-3" long
84
Medication order (9)
Client name, date, time, drug name,dosage, route, frequency, special instructions, signature Parameters if cardiac!!
85
What types of medications shouldn't be crushed
Coated Sustained long-acting

Pharm 1 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions