Final Exam Flashcards
Beatrice Hahn and her colleagues did not find Plasmodium parasites in which African ape populations? (you may choose more than one)
chimpanzees
bonobos
western gorillas
eastern gorillas
orangutans
bonobos
eastern gorillas
Why are previous attempts to date the emergence of Plasmodium falciparum with a molecular clock suspect?
- Plasmodium species evolve to the beat of their own drummer
-humans eat so much disgusting food that they hyper mutate P. falciparum, which messes up the clock - traditional approaches to calibrating the clock have assumed that human and chimpanzee parasites diverged ~5 MYA (when humans and chimpanzees diverged)
- it is well-established that Plasmodium falciparum has a tardis and can thus travel through time
- once entering humans, Plasmodium falciparum has essentially stopped evolving
- traditional approaches to calibrating the clock have assumed that human and chimpanzee parasites diverged ~5 MYA (when humans and chimpanzees diverged)
The work of Hamilton et al. suggests that, if Trypanosoma cruzi clade of trypanosomes didn’t already exist in Africa prior to the breakup of the super continent by continental drift, what must be responsible for the distribution of T. cruzi trypanosomes across multiple continents?
- the recent movement of parasites due to European colonization
- the even more recent movement of parasites due to hyper-mobile global travel
-the international wild animal trade - host-switching of T. cruzi clade parasites onto and off of bats, which can move parasites across long distances
- host-switching of T. cruzi clade parasites onto and off of bats, which can move parasites across long distances
Using an ecological argument focusing on the need for a host, Tuon et al. hypothesize that the earliest date of emergence of Leishmania as a parasite could be:
~700 million years ago
~100 million years ago
50 million years ago
25 million years ago
it has been awhile - long before we were around, am I right?
~700 million years ago
The first direct fossil evidence for Leishmania is 100 million years old.
True
False
True
Human hair and body lice (both of which are members of the species Pediculus humanus) are related to each other in what fashion:
Hair lice evolved from body lice ~2 million years ago
Body lice evolved from hair lice ~170 thousand years ago
Body lice evolved from pubic lice ~2 million years ago
Hair lice evolved from body lice ~170 thousand years ago
Body lice evolved from hair lice ~2 million years ago
Body lice evolved from hair lice ~170 thousand years ago
Which of the following diseases are transmissible spongiform encephalitises?
Kuru
Louping ill
Scrapie
Crook
Creutzfeld-Jakob
Kuru
Scrapie
Creutzfeld-Jakob
In what ways did prions challenge prevailing understandings about infectious disease?
- They were not inactivated by formalin
- There is no evidence that prions exist outside of mammals
-They were discovered in the outer atmosphere by NASA - They did not involve the transfer of information from nucleic acid to proteins
-Spontaneous TSEs appeared to have a genetic or familial origin
- They were not inactivated by formalin
-They did not involve the transfer of information from nucleic acid to proteins
-Spontaneous TSEs appeared to have a genetic or familial origin
The ultimate hosts of Taeniid worms are known to include:
pigs (genus Sus)
cows (genus Bos)
cats (genus Panthera)
antelope (genus Hippotragus)
bears (genus Ursa)
cats (genus Panthera)
Humans are infected with taenia (tapeworms) because we evolved as excellent intermediate hosts due to the frequent predation of our ancestors by carnivores.
True
False
False
This drug was isolated from the cinchona tree, whose bark was used by indigenous peoples of Peru to treat infectious fevers.
Doxycycline
Lariam
Mefloquine
Artemisinin
Quinine
Quinine
Plasmodium vivax evades the human adaptive immune response by shifting production of different versions of the Variant Surface Glycoprotein (VSG).
True
False
False
Malarial parasites of humans are vectored by:
Culex mosquitoes
Reduviid bugs
Anopheles mosquitoes
Tsetse flies
Aedes mosquitoes
Anopheles mosquitoes
Trypanosoma brucei is vectored by:
Culex mosquitoes
Reduviid bugs
Anopheles mosquitoes
Tsetse flies
Aedes mosquitoes
Tsetse flies
Some malaria parasites cause relapses of malaria symptoms because parasites that infect the lungs emerge to start erythrocytic (i.e. red blood cell) cycles of infection.
True
False
False
Nematodes are also commonly called:
flat worms
flukes
roundworms
spiny-headed worms
gross
roundworms
The form of leishmaniasis with the highest mortality rate is:
visceral
mucosal
cerebral
cutaneous
visceral
Prions are proteins that replicate themselves by transcribing their amino acid sequences back into RNA, which can then be used to make new prions.
True
False
False
Prion diseases, also called spongiform encephalopathy, are invariably fatal and are transmitted between individuals by consumption of prions.
True
False
True
What human ecological shift was responsible for the emergence of Taenia worms in humans?
agriculture
move onto the savannah
urbanization
colonization
meat eating
meat eating
What is the role of sickle cell disease in malaria?
One allele gives resistance to malaria. Two gives disease. Sickle cell and malaria came around the same time
Symptoms of p. falciparum
P. falciparum are the most likely to progress to severe, potentially fatal forms with central nervous system involvement (cerebral malaria), acute renal failure, severe anemia, or acute respiratory distress syndrome
symptoms of p. vivax
P. vivax malaria include splenomegaly
Which animal did malaria spillover from?
Gorillas
Defining features of trypanosomes
one mitochondrion called kinetoplast, vector borne
Which trypanosome causes sleeping sickness
T. brucei aka African tryps
East vs West African t brucei
Gambiense is west causes most bouts of sleepingsickness
rhodesiense is east not a lot of cases, resevoirs may be cows
Chagas disease, parasite and symptoms
American tryps aka T. Cruzi, Latin America primarily, triatomine aka reduviid aka kissing bug vectored, swelling at site but not much disease, some long term heart and GI problems
Whats VSG in t cruzi
Variable surface glycoprotein changes antigenic profile of parasite as they can turn things on or off
Leishmania vector, visceral v cutaneous, hosts
-sand flies
-visceral: spleen, liver, bone marrow
-cutaneous: skin sores, ulcers
-Hosts: rodents, possum, canids, primates, endentates
-HIV makes it worse by suppressing immune system
Ancient Leishmania
-pre-Coumbian art
-mummy DNA
-outbreaks during wars
