FINAL EXAM Flashcards
What measures give you validity of clinical or diagnostic tests?
sensitivity and specificity
How do you calculate sensitivity?
patients with condition who test positive / (all patients with the condition)
How do you calculate specificity?
patients without the condition who test negative / (all patients w/o the condition)
Explain SnNout.
With a high sensitivity value and a negative test result, you can rule out the disorder
Explain SpPin.
With a high specificity value and a positive test result, you can rule in the disorder
What provides better information for clinical decisions than sensitivity and specificity alone?
likelihood ratios
How do you calculate +LR ? (use for a positive test result)
sensitivity / (1-specificity)
How do you calculate -LR? (use for negative test results)
(1-sensitivity) / specificity
definition: What % of the population has the condition
pre-test probability
- sometimes estimated
What is determined by a likelihood ratio number?
post-test probability
- change in probability can affect an intervention, prognosis, or diagnosis
A + LR of at LEAST ____ can start to influence clinical decisions.
> 2 (the higher the number, the steeper the slope)
A -LR of ___- ___ can start to influence decisions
0.2-0.5
A -LR of ___- ___ can generate moderate shifts in probability
0.1-0.2
On a berg balance test, a score of ____ points OR LESS is indicative of a risk for falls.
45 pts (Sn = 0.72, Sp = 0.73)
What is the Sn and Sp of the ottawa ankle rules?
Sn = 0.98
Sp = 0.25
What are the steps in creating a CPR?
- derivation
- validation
- impact studies
(true/false) Not all patients with a specific diagnosis either have the same pathology or response to interventions.
true
definition: development of an algorithm or list of factors the identify patients who will either be successful or not successful with certain interventions
CPR
There is some evidence that ___ exercises are helpful in treatment of non-specific LBP.
stabilizing exercises
definition:
- at least 2 participants have to be involved in the decision making process
- both parties have to take steps to participate in the process of treatment decision making
- information sharing is required
- deliberation is required
- treatment decision has to be agreed upon by both parties
shared decision making (5 characteristics of shared decision making)
definition: Clinically viable, controlled experimental approach to the study of a single case or several subjects, and the flexibility to observe change under ongoing treatment conditions
single-subject design
What is the independent variable in a single-subject design?
intervention
What is the dependent variable in a single-subject design?
patient response
What are limitations to traditional research designs?
- focus on the group mean
- rigorous and often too controlled
- require a large sample size
- doesn’t allow individual comparison
- can be unethical to withhold treatment
What aspects of single-subject design are criticized?
- bias
- subjects vary with response to interventions
- limited blinding
What is required of a single-subject design?
- repeated measures
- baseline and intervention phases
definition: design that has threats to internal validity
AB type design
definition: design that is also called a withdrawal design (baseline, then intervention, then baseline)
- lessens/controls threat to internal validity
ABA type design
definition: “are you actually measuring what you are intended to measure?”
internal validity
definition: social/individual acceptance to the intervention of a study
social validity
definition: “does the research relate to the population?”
external validity
definition: Statistical method that compares the baseline and treatment with the best fit line for a trend that starts at with the baseline statistics and continues itself in the treatment results
split-middle method
definition: Statistical method of finding the mean of the baseline and calculating 2 SD above the mean
two SD band method
Case reports are generally on ___ subject(s)
one
definition: Detailed description of a singular patient’s course of treatment, management, prognosis… it can be prospective or retrospective
case reports
definition: description of more than one patient generally with the same focus and in a similar way as a case report
case series
