Final Exam

Question 1

What are the actions of the splenius cervicis?

Answer 1

• Cervical Lateral Flexion
• Cervical Rotation
• Cervical Extension

Question 2

What are the actions of the splenius capitis?

Answer 2

• Head/Cervical Extension
• Head/Cervical Lateral Flexion
• Head/Cervical Rotation

Question 3

What is the difference between the splenius cervicis and the splenius capitis?

Answer 3

The splenius Capitis travels from the Cervical and Thoracic spine and inserts on the base of the skull so it can perform cervical and head actions.
The Splenius Cervicis travels from the Transverse spine to the cervical spine so it only completes cervical actions.

Question 4

List the three erector spinae muscles and their differences in action

Answer 4

• Iliocostalis: Only controls the spine. Most Lateral = Stronger
• Longissimus: Spine and Head
• Spinalis: Spine and Head
  All do extension, lateral flexion, and Rotation

Question 5

External Obliques VS Internal Obliques

Answer 5

External: Superior Lateral to Inferior Medial. More wrapping in the transverse plane and diagonal fibers = Stronger Rotation and contralteral
Internal: Superior Medial to Inferior lateral. Ispilateral rotation

Question 6

Stability of the Spine

Answer 6

• Vertebrae interlock tightly, cervical is more mobile and less stable. Lumbar is less mobile and more stable.
• Ligaments connect vertebral bodies then transverse processes, then spinous processes
• Erector Spinae always working against gravity
• a lot of muscle volume in lumbar colum

Question 7

Lordosis

Answer 7

• Anterior Pelvic Tilt
• Strong lumbar extensors/hip flexors
• weak Lumbar flexors/hip extensors
• abs not engaged enough

Question 8

kyphosis

Answer 8

• Strong neck flexors and thoracic extensors
• Weak Neck extensors and thoracic flexors

Question 9

Herniated disc

Answer 9

Nucleus Pulposus leaks out and become pinched by spinous processes. Caused by excessive rotation, aging, or pressure

Question 10

What do the gluteus minimus and medius both do?

Answer 10

Hip Abduction

Question 11

Joint actions of the gluteus minimus

Answer 11

• abduct hip
• internally rotate hip
• assist in hip flexion

Question 12

Joint actions of the gluteus medius

Answer 12

• abduct hip
• extend hip/ ER hip (Posterior fibers)
• Flex hip/ IR hip (Anterior fibers)

Question 13

Joint actions of the gluteus maximus

Answer 13

• extend/ ER hip
• assist hip abduction (Upper fibers)
• Assist hip adduction (Lower fibers)
• Stabilize knee in extension

Question 14

Joint actions of the gluteus maximus

Answer 14

• extend/ ER hip
• assist hip abduction (Upper fibers)
• Assist hip adduction (Lower fibers)
• Stabilize knee in extension

Question 15

What do the glute max upper fibers do vs the lower fibers

Answer 15

Upper: hip abduction
Lower: hip adduction

Question 16

What do the Glute med anterior fibers do vs the posterior fibers

Answer 16

Anterior: Flex hip and internally rotate hip
Posterior: Extend hip and externally rotate hip

Question 17

Are hip adductors and abductors stronger?

Answer 17

Adductors are stronger. Gravity is constantly pushing on our legs so the adductors must become stronger to prevent them from caving in. We also have more adductor muscle volume

Question 18

Semimembranosus/semitendinosus vs biceps femoris

Answer 18

Semitendinosus/Semimembranosus: Hip extension and hip internal rotation
Biceps Femoris: Hip extension and hip external rotation
Semis have a medial side biase with a posterior med to lat pull
Biceps femoris has a lateral side bias with a lat to med posterior pull

Question 19

Iliacus VS Pectineus

Answer 19

• Both do external Rotation and hip flexion
• Pectineus also does Hip Adduction
• Iliacus run very vertical and the pectineus run med to lat with diagonal fibers.

Question 20

Sartorius VS Tensor Fascia Lata

Answer 20

• Both originate on the ASIS but sartorius inserts on medial tibia and TFL inserts on IT band (Lateral leg). This is why Sartorius does ER and TFL does IR. Sartorius can also do knee actions

Question 21

Adductor brevis, longus, and magnus

Answer 21

• Magnus is strongest as it is largest in size and has the best leverage as it is the most distal along the femur.

Question 22

Hip external vs internal rotators

Answer 22

External is stronger due to more muscles and larger muscles. also used more often

Question 23

Hip extensors vs flexors

Answer 23

Extensors stronger than flexors due to being used more and having more muscle volume

Question 24

Hip adductors vs abductors

Answer 24

• more muscle volume and used more often

Question 25

Hip Joint Stability

Answer 25

-Bony Architecture: decent. The hip socket is fairly tight but still allows for mobility
-Ligaments: Surround femoral head, thick, and strong
-Dynamic Stability: Muscle redundancy, leg control through hip, knee, and ankle

Question 26

Is the biceps femoris or sartorius stronger at knee flexion?

Answer 26

The biceps femoris is because it is larger and has a vertical fiber orientation going across the knee joint. The Sartorius is small and slightly wraps across the knee joint which weakens its flexion ability. The biceps femoris also runs perpendicular with the knee joint so it further increases its strength.

Question 27

is the semimembranosus or gracilis stronger at knee internal rotation?

Answer 27

The semimembranosus is stronger because it is larger and has stronger lateral to medial transverse plane wrapping across the knee joint.

Question 28

Knee joint stability

Answer 28

• the knee joint lacks bony architecture
• Has many ligaments
• large muscles along the front and back of the leg in the sagittal plane
• knee hip control