Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

ANTH 302 > Final Exam > Flashcards

Final Exam Flashcards

1
Q

difference between nat. selec. and sexual selec.

A

Natural: differential survival, var., heritable
sexual: differential reproduction, var., heritable, mate competition, mate choice, females invest more in offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

mate competition

A

intrasexual. direct competition for mates or resources for mates. selection for arnaments. male-male competition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

mate choice

A

sex that invests more in offspring is more choosey (female choice). intersexual competition, selection for ornaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

why do females invest more in offspring than males

A

interested in quality over quantity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

direct male-male competition

A

polygynous has most m-m comp.
leads to greater sexual dimorphism
Dominance queue or priority of accrs model: compete for status, maintain status
fights are costly
slection for traits to help males win fights

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

indirect male-male competition

A

alternative male mating tactics/sperm competition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

female-female compitition

A

less common, but possible. For mate, resources. traits that signal something about the condition or quality of a mate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

when do you expect to see larger testes size

A

Larger in multimale multifemale: more competition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

when do you expect to see larger sexual dimorphism

A

polygynous, more male-male competition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

sexually selected signals

A

Short hand cues of males condition or fighting ability.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what keeps signals honest

A

when giving reliable info
signal tracks signalers condition (index signal)
accurately reflects size or fighting ability
honesty of the signal is buily in to the signal itself

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

handicap signal

A

costly to produce and maintain. costs: energetic, reduced immunity, reduction in parenting, increase chances of being selected as a mate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

immunocompetence-handicap hypothesis

A

signals are boosted by T, but T is costly to maintain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

rival assessment strategies

A

if a signal is an honest indicator of a males fighting ability, rivals can attend to those signals when deciding who to challenge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

rival assessment strategies: mutual assessment

A

males should assess their fighting ability relative to their own

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

rival assessment strategies: opponent-only assessment

A

males rely soley on info about their opponent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

rival assessment strategies: self assessment

A

males rely solely on info about themselves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

gelada case study

A

Pitch indicator of size and strength of individual
Gelada calls are signals of male quality
Do males attend to differences in calls?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

gelada case study: how do geladas us loud calls to deter rivals

A

loud calls used in rival assessment prediction
Male assessment, likely play no role in mate selection
Males attending to their own status and the call quality of a potential rival

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

gelada case study: how did Dr. B study this

A

high quality calls played on playback

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

reproductive strategies: indirect male-male competition

A

sperm competition, infanticide, sexual coersion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

reproductive strategies: parental care

A

may ensure future mating, shorten interbirth period, makes them more likely to become pregnant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

sperm competition

A

multiple males compete to fertilize one females egg. large testes ex) chimp oe bonobos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

why is infanticide a common male strategy in mammals

A

difficult for female to get pregnant while nursing infant. interbirth period very long. common in old world primates. chimps, gorrilas. Females practice promiscuity to reduce infanticide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

why does paternal care evolve

A

maternal releif hypothesis: Due to the high costs of offspring rearing, parental care can enhance offspring success, accelerate the mother’s return to fertility, or both
infanticide avoidance hyp.
future mating hyp.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

which primates practive paternal care

A

Owl monkeys, titi monkeys, siamang, humans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

how do fathers recognize their kin

A

familiarity: treat as kin inds. youve known since birth
age cohorts: treat as kin inds. w/ similat ages to you
phenotype matching: treat as kin inds. w/ some phenotypic trate similar to your own

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

why do females get to be choosy

A

invest the most in offspring, very energetically draining.
Only sexually receptive for short periods of time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

female reproductive strategies: mate that gives the best direct benefit

A

current condition (resources, services), resources for mother and offspring, services for mother

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

female reproductive strategies: mate that gives you an indirect benefit

A

current condition (genetic quality), genetic quality

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

how do sexually selected signals function in female mate choice

A

can show males conditin or genetic quality ex) probiscus nose monkey, Uakari monkey red faces, bird of paradise displays

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

how to test sexually selected signals in female mate choice

A

add more spots to peacock, cover up some on others, see how many females want to mate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

good genes hypothesis

A

females select males seen to have a genetic advantage tha increases the quality of the offspring

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

sexy sons hypothesis

A

females prefer an arbitratu trait that provides no link to genes or health, but her sons will have it and daughters will have preference for it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

evolution of exaggerated traits and colors are often a sign of female choice (primates very colorful)

A

proximate mech -> T, blood circulation, oxygenation, pigmentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

how does female preference for coloration in primates relate to female mate choice

A

coloration could be linked to good health, T, rank

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

how does female preference for coloration in primates relate to female mate choice

A

coloration could be linked to good health, T, rank

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

how to test female mate choice

A

assess in captive, solitary, rodents.
female primates look at males on computer (some more red) prefer to look at more red

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

female reproductive strategies: cryptic female choice

A

post copulatory mech -> choosing sperm
physical or chemical mechs. to control a males success of fertilizing an egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

female reproductive strategies: cryptic female choice

A

post copulatory mech -> choosing sperm
physical or chemical mechs. to control a males success of fertilizing an egg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

sexual conflict

A

strategies of one sex imposes fitness costs on the other. series of adaptations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

male strategy sexual coersion

A

female counterstrategy: social bonds, coalitions, concealed or deceptive ovulation, mate with many males

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

male mediated pregnany loss

A

estradiol causes abortions after takeovers. better because dont have to deal with energetic costs of pregnancy and then have new male kill old males offspring, become pregnant as fast as possible with new leader

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

male strategy infanticide

A

female counterstrategy: confuse paternity, friendships, deceptive ovulation, bruce effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

why do female geladas have bruce effect and baboons dont

A

baboon interbirth interval shorter and more inline with average range of alpha tenure

45
Q

same sex behavior

A

fellatio amoung chimps, homosexual behavior in female mountain gorillas, g-g rubbing in female bonobos. social bonds, increase OT and reduce stress, can help in parental care and infant rearing

46
Q

altruism paradox

A

the act of helping someone else, even if its costly to you

47
Q

group selection

A

being altruistic for the benefit of the group, not valid because this would weed out those who were altruistic for the group and favor those who were selfish until only selfish indviduals were left. ex) lemming suicide. pays to cheat

48
Q

kin selection

A

being altruistic to kin is beneficial to you becuase it increases inclusive fitness. favored when the cost of performing the action is less than the benefits. japanese macaques spend more time grooming those who are closer related to them

49
Q

hamiltons coefficient of relatedness

A

(r) the probability that teo individuals share the same allele

50
Q

inclusive fitness

A

direct fitness+indirect fitness

51
Q

hamiltons rule

A

a trait will be favored by nat selec. if the benefits of doing the behavior * relatedness are greater than the costs of doing it

52
Q

direct fitness

A

number of offspring you have

53
Q

indirect fitness

A

impact that an individual has on the survival and reproduction of relatives

54
Q

example of kin selection in primates

A

male marmosets will take care of brothers children, over 1/2 of males carry their brothers sperm

55
Q

reciprocal altruism

A

doing something at the benefit of another and harm to yourself in hopes that later theyll do the same for you

56
Q

prisoners dilemma

A

betray partner and no sentence, both betray 5 years each, both coop .5 years both, partner betrays you 10 years

one time: always defect
repeatness interaction: titfortat

57
Q

what must be true for reciprocal altruism to occur

A

1) repeated interactions
2) keep track of helpers and cheaters
3) reward altruists and punish cheaters

58
Q

biological market theory

A

social animals are similar to trading partners- echange commodities due to supply and demand

based on current need

59
Q

attitudinal reciprocity

A

cooperative decisions are based on your attitude towards other, emotional not mental bookkeeping

based on long term need

60
Q

example of reciprocal altriusm

A

grooming now with no current return but expected return soon, social bonds in female baboons enhance infant survival

61
Q

primate friendships and how theyre adaptive

A

can benefit from attitudinal reciprocity. Female baboon social bonds increase infant survival, social integration predicts survival in female white-faced capuchins

62
Q

one time interaction

A

best to cheat and do whats best for you at expense of other

63
Q

multiple interactions

A

tit-for-tat, do whats best for both and will ensure future trades and a good reputation for you

64
Q

how do animals punish cheaters

A

less liekly to help them in the future, 2nd party punishment but probably not 3rd

65
Q

timeline of chimp brain growth

A

grow rapidly before birth then level soon after

66
Q

absolute brain size

A

assumed animals with larger brains are more intellegent than those with smaller, false. larger brain to body ratio (relative brain size)

67
Q

encephalization quotient

A

measure of how much brain size of a species differs from the expected brain size. based on stadard species of same taxa

68
Q

primate brain is adaptive and costly

A

can process and store info but is 2% of body weight requiring 20% of energy to maintain

69
Q

social intelligence hypothesis

A

large brains and advanced cognitive abilities in primates evolved as a response to challenges ass. w/ living in large, complex, social groups

70
Q

social knowledge

A

kin recognition, recognizing rank, monitering relationships, capitalizing on social oppurtunities

ex) baboons moniter others relationships and rank

71
Q

ecological complexity hypothesis

A

selective forces in the physical environment like necessity to locate adn extract food are responsible for larger brains and cog. traits

Ex) extractive foraging of fruits and seeds and higher energy turnover and enhanced diet quality for energy needed during fetal brain growth - chimps and bonobos

72
Q

cultural intelligence hypothesis

A

specialized cognition: cog. produced by nat. selec. to solve a specific problem
generalized cognition: intelligence that can be successfully be applied to solve a variety of novel probs

73
Q

how much has brain size increased over course of human evolution

A

3x, cranial capacity 800-200kya

74
Q

highers and lowest encephalization quotients

A

whales = highest
mice = lowest

75
Q

communication

A

signal transmitted from a sender to. areceiver that changes the behavior of the receiver

76
Q

language

A

arbitrary symbols used to communicate

77
Q

human language in childhood

A

children born with innate core knowledge about the world, a predispositin to learn language and understanding of basic grammer, lang. aq. is self motivating, universals in grammer structuring

78
Q

origins of language

A

uman language universal, components of lang. aq. are innate
adaptive: comm ideas, share knowledge, convey inner thoughts

79
Q

discontinous apprach to origins of language

A

mutation in human history installed a language organ in early humans. sudden change

80
Q

continous approach to origin of language

A

gradual evolution over time. changes in brain structure relevant to language learning, cog capacities, and morphological features, social factors

81
Q

brocas area

A

activated in hearing inds. when dpeaking and. indeaf ppl when signing

82
Q

wernickes area

A

comprehension in speaking and signing

83
Q

temporal lobe and language

A

grammatical words processed here

84
Q

prefrontal cortex and language

A

speech comprehension, word ass., symbolic learning

85
Q

syntax and language

A

no specific area in the brain

86
Q

FOXP2 Gene

A

ass. with mimicry in birds, echolocation in bats, vocal plasticity and specific language impairment in humans

87
Q

can we teach nonhuman primates language

A

cat. objects as same and diff., understand and use extensive vocab, understand the relationship between object and arbitrary sound even in novel sentences, havent mastered syntax

88
Q

learning language children vs apes

A

with lots of training apes learn sililarly to children. ape learning not spontaneous

89
Q

Gua

A

was raised with researchers child, better at responding to commands, didnt learn to speak. hard to rehabituate later in life

90
Q

washoe

A

researchers raised him, taught him sign language, unable to string words together

91
Q

koko

A

knew lots of sign language but hard to tell if it was just positive reinforcement not actually understanding

92
Q

kanzi

A

lexicon, knew lots of words and their symbols and could string them together. insimple ter,s

93
Q

issues with captive language studies

A

no data.
categorize objects as same and different
none mastered complex sentences
not innate

94
Q

what do captive language studies teach us

A

Showed evidence of protolanguage abilities in our closest relatives.
Shed light on our key differences in development and ability in language acquisition.

95
Q

are vervet alarm calls learned or innate

A

as they get older, vervet alarm calls get more accurate ad specific. learned. vervets are paying attention to the calls, they have meaning

96
Q

campbell monkey alarm calls

A

Redundant info fails to elicit new alarm calls in Diana monkeys
Diana monkeys are sensitive to the acoustic differences between the Campbell monkey leopard

97
Q

cultural intelligence hypothesis

A

social learning, behavioral innovation, and tool use helped humans to evolve a specialized social skill set. important for brain evolution

98
Q

how are humans and chimps differ in social cognition related to culture

A

children and chimps had similar cognitive skills for physical world but children had much more sophisticated cog. skills for social world

99
Q

what is culture

A

Cultures are those group typical behavior patterns shared by members of a community that rely on socially learned and transmitted info

100
Q

what makes behavior a cultural pattern

A

innovation: cant be innate
diffusion: spread, see variation
social transmission: be learned from others

101
Q

material culture in primates

A

tools and tech
ex) termite fishing with a stick, using a leaf as an umbrella, fishing with a stick, octopus in coconut shell, crow with stick hook

102
Q

social culture in primates

A

social rituals and tasks.
observational learning: washing potato because its a good method
trial and error: capuchins watch nut cracking

103
Q

social transmission

A

behavior must be socially transmitted and learned from others.
social facilitation and observational learning

104
Q

social facilitation

A

Activity of one animal indirectly increase the chance that other animals will learn that behavior on their own. transmitted: trial and error

105
Q

observational learning

A

“Naive” animals learn how to perform an action by watching and imitating the behavior or experience of a skilled animal. transmittion: imitation

106
Q

why is social transmission hard to study in the wild

A

difficult to differentiate between obs. learning and social transmission through observation alone

107
Q

puzzle box

A

capushin monkeys will copy higher ranked ind. above their own ways

108
Q

over imitation

A

imitate unnecessary steps and irrelevant actions. born w/ system. to immitate over learning on own. self motivate, fast transmition of knowledge,

109
Q

how do primates differ from humans in social learning

A

learning through teaching. cumulative culture: cumulative change and transmission of ideas and tech males human culture advanced and complex

ANTH 302 (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions