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ANTH 302 > EXAM 1 > Flashcards

EXAM 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Why do we study primates?

A

To learn more about our evolution, they are diverse and have adaptations, they are ecologically, socially, and culturally important

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2
Q

behaviorism

A

Everything is learned. Blank slate. Pavlov. Not a lot of consideration of evolution or natural behavior.

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3
Q

Well known behaviorists:

A

Pavlov

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4
Q

Well known ethologists:

A

tinbergen, von Frisch, Lorenz, Yerkes

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5
Q

Early ethology

A

watching and wondering approach

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6
Q

How has animal behavior studied by behaviorists

A

in a lab, controlled environment

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7
Q

primitive trait

A

trait derived from a distant ancestor

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8
Q

derived trait

A

shared traits due to a recent common ancestor that sets taxa apart from ancestral taxa

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9
Q

1900s-1920s primatology

A

taxonomic study and comparative anatomy

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10
Q

1930s-1950s primatology

A

first field observations on primate behavior (Yerkes)

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11
Q

1950s-1960s primatology

A

habituation and individual rexognition (Imanishi)

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12
Q

1960s-1970s primatology

A

Long term studies and primate ethnographies (‘Trimates’)

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13
Q

1970s primatology

A

systematic data collected (altmann)

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14
Q

What primates did Yerkes study

A

chimpanzees

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15
Q

what primates did Imanishi study

A

Japanese macaques

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16
Q

What primates did Goodall study

A

Chimpanzees

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17
Q

What primate did Fossey study

A

mountain gorillas

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18
Q

what primate did Galdikas study

A

orangutans

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19
Q

What primates did Altmann study

A

baboons

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20
Q

Primate studies (anthropology)

A

What can primates tell us about our ancestors

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21
Q

Primate studies (psychology)

A

What can primates tell us about the human mind

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22
Q

Primate studies (biology)

A

Studying primates in their own right

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23
Q

Why do narratives matter in science

A

set standards for how things are done, influence studies we do and how we interpret them, can recognize their accomplishments but need to call them out

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24
Q

distinguishing primitive traits

A

pentadactylism, elongation of fingers and toes, obbosable thumb and bif toe, nails instead of claws, increased reliance on vision, color vision (trichromatic), post orbital bar/closure, reduction in olifaction, large brains, longer life history

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25
Q

why nails instead of claws

A

protective backing to fingertips that allow for sensitive skin exposure for grasping and feeling objects

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26
Q

homologous traits

A

traits thatre similar due to common ancestry, similar structure may have different function. ex) different animal arms/wings

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27
Q

analogous traits

A

traits that’ve coevoved to do the same job but different ancestors, same function different structure. butterfly and bat wings

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28
Q

stereoscopic vision

A

forward-facing eyes that allow for accurate depth perception

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29
Q

visual predation hypothesis

A

primates visual traits evolved to adapt to hunting small prey

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30
Q

arboreal hypothesis

A

primates evolved necessary traits to live in trees, grasping hands and feet

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31
Q

advantage for primates being trichromatic

A

may help discern between different types of fruit vs. leaves, how to tell when fruit is ripe

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32
Q

what is post orbital bar/closure

A

full closure of eye socket

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33
Q

what is reduction in olifaction

A

smaller nose, reduced snout

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34
Q

phylogeny

A

the evolutionary history of a group of animals

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35
Q

taxon (plural of taxa)

A

a grouping that is more closely related at the exclusion of others

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36
Q

Strepserhine vs. Haplorhine

A

S: long, wet nose, rhinarium (divided upper lip, postorbital plate, dental comb (some), grooming claw (some), tapetum lucidum, smaller brain, shorter life history, smaller body, nochternal
H: short (except baboons and drills), dry noses, single upper lip, postorbital bar, no dental comb or grooming claw, or tapetum lucidum

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37
Q

what are the two suborders of primates

A

Strepserhine and haplorhine

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38
Q

how are prosimians different from strepsirrhines?

A

Prosimians include all strepsirrhines and tarsiers

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39
Q

Platyrrhine traits

A

lateral nostrils, originated in South America 40 mya, arboreal, some have prehensile tails, all males dichromatic, quadrupedal, 2,1,3,3, dental formula

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40
Q

catarrhine traits

A

downward nostrils, split into old and new world apes 25 mya, arboreal and terrestrial. lack prehensile tails. trichromatic, 2,1,2,3 dental formula

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41
Q

cercopithecoidea traits

A

tail, relatively smaller, narrow chested, fixed shoulder joints, quadrupedal above branch locomotion, old world monkey

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42
Q

Ape traits (hominoidea)

A

no tail, large bodied, large barrel chest, flexible shoulder joints, brachiators -> below branch, larger brains

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43
Q

cercopithecinae traits

A

mostly terrestrial, omnivore, strong linear dominance hierarchies, Ischial Callosities (sitting pads), cheek pouches, sexual swellings ad coloration, mostly in africa

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44
Q

examples of cercopithecinae

A

baboons, macaques, vervets, guenons, geladas, madrills

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45
Q

colobinae traits

A

mostly arboreal, folivores -> special stomach to digest leaves, foregut fermentation, no cheek pouches, Africa and asia

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46
Q

hylobatidae traits

A

medium size, sexually dichromatic, long arms, SE Asia, frugivores, arboreal brachiation, pair bond, duet vocalization, “lesser apes”

47
Q

Hominidae traits

A

Large boodied, sexually dimorphic, eat mostly leaves and fruit, critically endangered, intelligence

48
Q

Capuchin monkey facts

A

Cebidae, medium, sexually dimorphic, omnivore, arboreal, multimale-female, largest brain to body size ratio, use tools and social ritualts

49
Q

Gelada facts

A

cercopithinae, large, sexually dimorphic with large canines; red skin patch, gramnivores, terrestrial, multilevel social org., rely on sexually selected symbols

50
Q

Gibbon and siamang facts

A

hylobitadae, medium body. sexually dichromatic, long arms, siamangs are larger than gibbons, frugivore, arboreal brachiator, monogamous pairs, pair vocalizations

51
Q

orangutan facts

A

hominidae, large, alpha males have phalanged faces, frugivore, arboreal brachiator, solitary, long distance calls, nests in trees, hips like shoulders, use tools, slow reproduction

52
Q

gorilla facts

A

hominidae, large, sexually dimorphic, sagital crest, silverback male leads the troop, chest pounding, highly intelligent, make tools, can use sign language

53
Q

bonobo facts

A

hominidae, large, congo, plants and fruit, multimale/female, fission-fusion, female philopatric, females exert dominance over males, less aggressive, sex important for social bonds, less tool use

54
Q

chimp facts

A

hominidae, large, more dimorphic, west africa, fruit some meat, multimale/female fusion-fision, male philopatric, territorial, border patrol, tool use, violent

55
Q

lemur facts

A

lemuridae, solitary, arboreal, nocturnal, small, Madagascar, herbivores some insects,

56
Q

slow loris facts

A

lorisidae, small, large eyes, no tail, omnivore, nochturnal, arboreal, only venomous mammal

57
Q

tarsier facts

A

tarsiidae, small, phillipines and indonesia, elongated legs to help with leaping, insects only, nocturnal, arboreal, solitary, vertical clinging and leaping, fast,

58
Q

marmoset and tamarin facts

A

calitrichidae, small, claws, no opposable thumb, fruit, insects, monogamous, polyandrous, multimale, one female, chimeric twins, cooperative breeders,

59
Q

howler monkey facts

A

atelidae, medium, prehensile tail, enlarged throat sac, mostly foliovore, diurnal, sedentry, male and females are trichromatic, sexual dichromatic, multi male/female, long calls for territory defense

60
Q

evolution

A

genetic variation occurs, individuals are selected, populations evolve

61
Q

natural selection criterea

A

1) pop size is constrained
2) ind. in pop vary
3) var. is heritable
4) var. affects orgs. fitness

62
Q

Darwins struggle with nat. selection

A

didnt account for variation or inheritance

63
Q

Lamarck’s theory on inheritance

A

previously thought that through use and disuse organisms adapt to their environment, pass traits to offspring

64
Q

pangenesis

A

every part of the body emit gemmules that migrate to gonads and are passed to offspring, changes to body during life passed to offspring

65
Q

mendels contributions

A

discovered dominant and recessive factors of inheritance

66
Q

weismanns contributions

A

germ plasm theory: germ cells are the agents of heredity, not body cells. proves pangenesis and lamarkism wrong

67
Q

modern systhesis

A

huxley. inheritance, variation, selection, evolution

68
Q

Waddington contributions

A

fruit flies. cross veinless phenotype, could induce the frequency. genetic assimilation: phenotype originally shown in response to environment eventually becomes genetically encoded. epigenetic

69
Q

Epigenetics

A

changes in an organism due to modification of gene expression

70
Q

phenotypic plasticity

A

the process by which organisms modify their development, behavior, or physiology in response to changing environments

71
Q

behavior

A

the way an organism acts in response to an internal or external stimuli

72
Q

tinbergens 4 questions

A

1) evolution (how did the behavior evolve)
2) function (why is the behavior adaptive)
3) development (how does behavior develop)
4) mechanism (how does the trait work)

73
Q

proximate explanation

A

what and how. (development and mechanism)

74
Q

ultimate explanation

A

why. (evolution and function)

75
Q

how do we study primate behavior

A

1) make observations and questions
2) hypothesis and predictions
3) assess how to measure predictions (methods)
4) collect data
5) analyze data (results)
6) revisit predictions and hypothesis (disc.)

76
Q

methods for studying behavior: ad libitum

A

descriptive account of behavior. field notes, preliminary obs, detailed descriptions of rare behavior

77
Q

methods for studying behavior: focal scan

A

focus on one individual

78
Q

methods for studying behavior: group scan

A

focus on group and interactions

79
Q

chest patch reasoning

A

…

80
Q

fur rub reasoning

A

1) social function
2) medicinal function

81
Q

life history meaning

A

focuses on the evolutionary force that shape trade-offs between growth, reproduction, and survival. growth, reproduction, survival

82
Q

life history trade-off

A

exists when an increase in one life history trait (improving fitness) is coupled to a decrease in another life history trait (reducing fitness)

83
Q

fast life history

A

many offspring, short lifespan, early age of reproduction, low parenting effort

84
Q

slow life history

A

few offspring, longer interbirth period, more paternal investment, longer life, slower growth

85
Q

factors that select for fast life history

A

high infant and juvinile mortality, unpredictable envi., predation, invest in current reproduction is chances of survival are slim

86
Q

factors that select for slow life history

A

paternal involvement, low infant mortality, less predation, stable envi.

87
Q

major predictor of life history variation

A

body size. smaller species have earlier age of first reproduction, shorter lifespan, higher annual fertility

88
Q

why do primates have longer juvinile period

A

brain size and growth, size, reliance on learning and social skills and cognition,

89
Q

grandmother effect

A

pass on info., help raise children so mother can invest in reproduction, gather food and other resources, after they can no longer have children

90
Q

how are humans unique among primates

A

reproductive senescence. menopause

91
Q

which animals exhibit menopause

A

humans, killer whales, come captive primates?

92
Q

socioecology

A

the study of how social and ecological variables come together to produce a social system

93
Q

what factors contribute to a socioecological model

A

group size, competition, cognition, life history, group dynamics, sexual selection, reproduction

94
Q

why do primates form groups

A

predation, resoure aquisition, care of offspring

95
Q

disadvantages of group living

A

comeptition for resources, disease, social stress,

96
Q

group living is favored when…

A

predation is high -> group defense

97
Q

froup living is unfavoratble when…

A

competition for resource is high

98
Q

group living: tamarins

A

polyandrous

99
Q

group living: gorillas

A

polygyny, one male

100
Q

group living: chimps

A

polygyny, multimale

101
Q

what happens to competition when resources are dispersed

A

within group competition decreases, female dispersal

102
Q

what happens to competition when resources are clumped

A

within group competition increases, female philopatry

103
Q

how female patterns influence male behavior

A

limiting resource for male reproductive success is access to females

104
Q

beween group competition is high

A

large groups, female philopatry, strong bonds

105
Q

between group competition is low

A

small groups, female dispersal, weak bonds

106
Q

within group competition is high

A

depostic, neoptistic, resident

107
Q

within group competition is low

A

egalitarian (tolerant), dispersed

108
Q

group living: capuchins

A

age and sex based hierarchy

109
Q

how to tell the social system

A

between group competition forms groups, within group competition organizes groups

110
Q

competitive regime

A

within group competition,
when high: depostic - strict linear hierarchies, nepotistic - matrilineal lones of dominance

111
Q

gelada paradox

A

eat a dispersed non-monopolizable resource - grass
expect: female dispersal, egalitarian, tolerant
actual: nepotistic, despotic social system with strict dominance hierarchies

112
Q

foliovore paradox

A

many primates that eat leaves live in small groups
They eat a dispersed resource - should increase group size
They presumably still have lots of predators - should increase group size

113
Q

what do females fight over in gelada paradox

A

tubers in dry seasons when there is no grass. clumped resource/contest

114
Q

why do foliovores live in small groups

A

difference in the quality of leaves

ANTH 302 (2 decks)

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