Final Exam Flashcards
Behaviorists that believed in the black box theory
B.F. Skinner
Operant conditioning
Method of changing behavior where a reinforcement or reward is offered immediately following a behavior and then the frequency of that behavior increases
Which of the following is not an example of a behavioral concept?
Successive approximations
Applications for speech-language intervention include which of the following?
Limitations, shaping of successive approximations, using cueing and prompting, using rewards, providing natural communication consequences, etc.
Developmental stages
Created by Piaget and are periods of time during growth in which thoughts, behaviors, and feelings remain relatively the same
Years that define the sensorimotor period
Birth to 2 years old
Years that define the preoperational period
2-7 years old
Years that define concrete operations period
7-12 years old
What occurs during the sensorimotor phase?
The child’s physical interaction with the world dictates this phase of development and the child learns through touch and movement in their environment
What occurs during the preoperational period?
-Representational skills are acquired in language, mental imagery, and drawing.
-The greatest increase in language occurs during this period.
-Children develop representational thought (begin to use items as functional objects like pretending to use a block of wood as a telephone)
-Pretend play or symbolic play
What occurs during the concrete operations phase?
-Children learn about quantity and time
-By the end of this period, children can begin to take on the points of view of others, their humor escalates, and they begin to develop adult-like thought
What occurs during the formal operations phase?
They develop the ability to reason based on theoretical possibilities and concrete realities
Accommodation
Relates to the way a person adapts his/her way of thinking regarding new experiences
Assimilation
Involves the person’s ability to transform incoming information so it fits with their existing way of thinking
Learning schema
Involves comparing new information to the existing information already contained in the cognitive structures
Equilibration
-Encompasses both assimilation and accommodation because it involves the overall interaction between both the existing ways of thinking and new experiences
-Even though a person may be satisfied with their current mode of thought, they still may realize that they need to, in fact, adjust it
What Maslow believed
Believed experience is the primary way of learning
What Vygotsky believed
Developed social learning theory with the belief that social interactions more so than biological can culturally and profoundly influence cognitive development as language is a social and cultural phenomenon
Maslow’s hierarchy of needs
Physiological, safety, love and belonging, esteem, cognitive (knowledge), aesthetic (style and taste), and self-actualization
Humanistic and experiential orientation plan (identify which would not be a component of those)
1.) Create a physical climate that meets your client’s needs
2.) Maintain a supportive emotional climate for your clients
3.) Develop challenging and meaningful activities to ensure client progress
-Includes Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and Rogers’s self-actualization
Global and synergetic learning style
1.) Seeing the whole unit and then breaking it into parts
2.) Know what the bottom line is
3.) Need more breaks, maybe some snacks. They like mobility, and sound seems to promote the best learning atmosphere for them.
How analytical learners prefer to learn
1.) Like to learn in a step-by-step fashion
2.) They like quiet environments with few distractions and little snacking
Modality
Sensory avenue through which information is received
Which modality is most often neglected for use in the classroom?
Tactile
Asian American cultural beliefs
Asian parents tend to expect their children to be more quiet and obedient
Hispanic American cultural beliefs
Family takes priority over professional appointments
African American cultural beliefs
-A large number of African American children prefer the global and synergetic learning style
-Group learning